Samples were collected during kill site investigations, air dried and stored in paper bags for later analysis. Cameroon has a dense network of perennial rivers. Three male and eight female lions from different coalitions and prides, instrumented with GPS Simplex and TELUS radio-collars (approximate weights: female 900 g, male 950 g; Televilt Positioning AB, Lindesberg, Sweden; see [23] for details), were studied. For further information about transboundary aquifers, please see the Transboundary aquifers resources page. In 1884 the territory of Cameroon was colonised by Germany, and after the First World War divided between France and the UK. The deeper aquifer is confined by the intervening clays, which is widely used for industry and domestic supplies in Douala (Mafany and Fantong 2006). There are a series of parallel faults running northeast/southwest, with displacements that can reach 1000 m, and associated with large volcanic massifs of various ages and compositions. The distance between 215 lion kills and the nearest water source was analyzed using generalized linear models. The river is fed by two major tributaries (Pende River and Ouham-Pende) and drains into Chari River. 2009). Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Groundwater quality is generally good. 1). Many springs occur. 1). This suggested that surface-water resources form passive traps and contribute to the structuring of lion foraging behaviour. 2). This page was last modified on 10 November 2022, at 14:15. Boxes show medians, 25% and 75% quartiles. Australian Wildlife Conservancy, Australia, Received: October 1, 2012; Accepted: December 19, 2012; Published: February 6, 2013. Conceived and designed the experiments: ZD AJL DWM FM. I travelled throughout Cameroon in February and March 2020 with colleagues from Wildlife Conservation Society and the Elephant Crisis Fund to gain a better understanding of the conservation landscape in . Climate, Hydrology and Water Resources in Cameroon. Unfortunately, it is also a country where wildlife is subject to a wide and intense array of human pressures. However, much of the shallow groundwater is vulnerable to contamination. Medium Bovidae contributed least in the late dry season (Fig. Town , 7530, Gorilla Trekking & the Great Migration Combined, Wildebeest Migration, Ngorongoro & Zanzibar Journey, Copyright Discover Africa Safaris | Etosha National Park Wildlife | Last Updated: 15 Sep 2022, View 6 Etosha Safaris, 20 of the best Masai Mara safari tours & lodges, Our Top 10 Choices For The Best Luxury Lodges In Kruger, 10 Africa Honeymoon Destinations Youre Guaranteed To Fall In Love With. We arbitrarily assigned the average adult female weight, with the exception of elephant as predominantly juveniles are preyed upon in dry periods [19], for each sample to allow a crude comparison with kill data. They rely on some of the Kalahari's plants that have also adapted to the dry conditions and either store water or have mechanisms to prevent excess water loss. 2). Samples were washed, sieved and sun dried to remove organic matter, and spread in a grid sampling tray. The main aquifer in this basin is formed of unconsolidated Pliocene (Tertiary)-Quaternary sands, which form an upper and a lower aquifer, separated by a clay layer. These, and others, may also be available through the Africa Groundwater Literature Archive, Ako Ako A, Eyong GET and Nkeng GE. The Lake Chad basin aquifer contains three main aquifer units: a upper Quaternary-Lower Pliocene series; the Tertiary Continental Terminal; and the lower Cretaceous series of the Hamadien Continental and the Continental Intercalaire (GWP 2013). This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Jacobs index finally revealed a very strong preference for kills within 2 km from a waterhole for all prey species, except small antelopes, in all seasons. Water dependence varies between herbivore species [11], [13] but most species need to access drinking water on a few-day basis at the peak of the dry season, and herbivore aggregations frequently form around permanent water sources during dry seasons, as non-permanent sources further afield dry up [14], [15]. A number of agreements and cooperative activities exist between these countries (e.g Alker 2008). : 19 192 m3/year, Per Capita in 2005 As in data were modified to ensure consistency with water resources data. Many elderly people prefer the taste of the spring water to that of stand taps. Furthermore, juvenile elephants were selected by female lions in the wet season. Ten hairs could not be identified (2% of all hairs collected). 1). Jacobs index also revealed that buffalo was the most intensively selected species throughout the year. Water resources in northern Cameroon have continuously been reducing over the past years. Pronounced correctly, with a harsh and rolling g, the word sounds nothing like the perfect angles and subtle patterns this lovely antelope displays. Zeke Davidson, Molua EL and Lambi CM. WWF findings show that cholera and typhoid are amongst the top health challenges within communities near rivers due to inaccessibility to drinkable water. Chambers One, 27 Willie van The source of the river is in the mountainous highlands of East African rift before it eventually drains into the Atlantic Ocean. What water sources do lions exploit in zimbabwemaryland lacrosse camps 2021 Subscribe to the texas a&m today newsletter for the latest news and stories every week. Water Resources in Cameroon This is the sum of renewable groundwater and renewable surface water resources (both internal and external) Renewable Water Resources 283 billion m/year Total Renewable Water Resources (2017) Water Resources per Capita 11,769 m/person/year Renewable Water per Inhabitant (2017) Water Dependency 4 % Lions were one of those species which were not spared from the curiosity of the world. Below this there can be a deeper fractured aquifer, which usually has low permeability. Lion prey species found in faecal samples classified in 10 groups and their respective proportions relative to frequency of occurrence. Lions get their water like most other savanna mammals, relying on watering holes and temporary pools to hydrate. Water and Sanitation Program. Discover the magic of Devils Pool at Victoria Falls all your questions answered! In neighbouring Yenga community (20 km from Mambele) where WWF also rehabilitated a stand tap, some residents cover a distance of more than 3 km to get water. There was no seasonal difference in diet composition for male lions (2early dry-late dry=4.13, df=7, p=0.76; 2early dry-wet=8.63, df=7, p=0.28; 2late dry-wet=7.85, df=7, p=0.35). We assessed seasonal prey preference using Jacobs selection index [35]: Where r is the proportion of the total number of kills or faecal samples of a particular species and p is the proportional availability of the prey species killed. Kill sites were classified based on the forensic evidence of a kill. As a country in Africa, Cameroon is situated just between the Central and Western Regions of Africa. Once biomass consumption was estimated, buffalo contributed the most to lion dietary intake (33%), followed by giraffe (20%), medium Bovidae (18%), and kudu (14%) and collectively accounting for 85% of the prey biomass consumed (Table 3). The Black Umfolozi River is a good area to keep an eye out for cats, there is lots to eat around the water. Largely acidic groundwater, with pH from 4 to 7. Artificial waterholes act as powerful hubs of predation activity throughout the year. Alker M. 2008. Cameroon has seen relatively high political and social stability since independence, with the same president since 1982. Cameroon lies in central-west Africa, with the Gulf of Guinea forming its western coast. Positional data were recorded hourly during the night and retrieved at regular intervals. We assessed lion diet by combining carcass observations and faeces collection from GPS clusters, a method with recognized strengths [3], [4]. Please cite this page as: Upton, Dochartaigh & Bellwood-Howard, 2018. Seasonal surface-water dynamics thus, influences the probability which predators can find prey and is likely to have several consequences for the ecology of predator-prey interactions. The two aquifers are separated by mudstones of the Nkappa formation. 1). 2). Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Department of Zoology, Oxford University, Tubney House, Abingdon, United Kingdom, Current address: Marwell Wildlife, Colden Common, Winchester, United Kingdom, Affiliations: Very high fluoride concentrations are seen in the southwest of the basin, causing dental fluorosis (Mafany and Fantong 2006). Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Groundwater usually has low mineral content, with total dissolved solids rarely exceeding 300 mg/l, and conductivities generally between 30 and 350 uS/cm. British Geological Survey. Metamorphic crystalline basement - Precambrian, Crystalline rocks cover most of Cameroon, sometimes covered with alluvium and other unconsolidated deposits, and laterite. For medium Bovidae in the early dry season, male lions killed the three prey recorded far from a waterhole (Fig. Bold dashed lines indicate means. It is located in banakata. broad scope, and wide readership a perfect fit for your research every time. Mafany GT and Fantong WY. Faecal analysis revealed a higher number of species occurring in the lion diet (20 species), owing to the detection of more small prey items, unexpectedly including climbing mice (Dendromus spp.) The main rivers in the south of the country are the Ntem, Nyong, Sanaga, and Wouri, which flow southwestward or westward into the Gulf of Guinea. Vernal pools are a type of wetlands - sometimes resembling larger puddles. 2009. Dots represent data outside this range. Petroleum exploitation has fallen in recent decades but is still a significant contributor to the economy. Sights in Tsavo - Lonely Planet. Twelve-year-old Akoela Francis Kame and his younger brother walk one-kilometer each day to fetch water here. Jacobss indices based on kills also revealed that female lions showed also a preference for kudu, medium Bovidae and Suidae in all seasons (Fig. As such, the regular need to access drinking water constrains the movement of herbivores, and hence their distribution in the dry season [9][12]. Citation: Davidson Z, Valeix M, Van Kesteren F, Loveridge AJ, Hunt JE, Murindagomo F, et al. 1988. Approximately 98% of the annual rainfall occurs from October to April and the long-term annual average (calculated for the period 19182007) is 632 mm (range: 3241160 mm). The middle Continental Terminal, of Tertiary to Quaternary age, comprises alternating sandstone and clay layers, which are 450 to 620 m from the surface (GWP 2013). Where is Cameroon in the World? Cameroon has a dense network of perennial rivers. Surface water. We're sorry. Whiskers indicate the range between 10% and 90% percentiles. Values >0 indicate preference, values <0 suggest use but avoidance. The northern lowland region is relatively arid, with low rainfall and high temperatures. Analyzed the data: ZD MV. Wrote the paper: ZD MV AJL DWM. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: ZD MV. Buffalo (the highest contribution in all seasons for both sexes) showed a constant contribution to male diet throughout the seasons, and a lower contribution to female diet in the early dry season. This index minimises the biases associated with small sample size (prey proportions below 10%), rare food items and non-linearity in proportional use over time [6]. Accessed [date you accessed the information]. The main rivers in the south of the country are the Ntem, Nyong, Sanaga, and Wouri, which flow southwestward or westward into the Gulf of Guinea. In the north, the Bnou River flows north and west into the Niger. Following established methods, hair cross-sections and scale pattern imprints were prepared for microscopic analysis using a Watson Microsystem 70 microscope [28], [29]. For more information on the datasets used to develop the map see the, Major surface water features of Cameroon. Africa Groundwater Atlas >> Hydrogeology by country, Cameroon. Lion kills were located in a preferentially selected zone around artificial waterholes, suggesting that these scarce resources form passive traps for ungulate prey. PLOS ONE promises fair, rigorous peer review, In Hwange, the vegetation is primarily woodland and bushland and open grassland areas are scarce but often associated with waterhole areas [49]. and common mice (Mus spp.). In terms of quantity, it is the second potential in Africa after the Democratic Republic of Congo. This allows conversations they can hear for 100km further than normal. Others walk over two kilometres to get the precious liquid. Overall, relative seasonal contribution revealed that grazers, such as Suidae and zebra, contribute more to lion diet in the late dry season when these species are heavily dependent on frequent access to surface-water. 2017. For kill data, we reported the relative contribution of each prey age class per season. Zebra and Suidae showed a peak in contribution to female lion diet in the late dry season (Fig. The Dja and Kad drain southeastward into the Congo River. Hence, buffalo are likely to have a crucial influence on the spatial and behavioural ecology of lions in the Hwange ecosystem in all seasons. An improved water source over this period for resources leads to infanticide- the practice of killing others! Buffalo consistently emerged as the most frequently utilised prey in all seasons by both male (56%) and female (33%) lions, contributing the most to lion dietary biomass. These maps and graphs were developed from the CRU TS 3.21 dataset produced by the Climatic Research Unit at the University of East Anglia, UK. However, water quality in Cameroon has improved in the last decade. The city of Harare is supplied with water from Lakes Chivero and Darwendale or Manyame river, Seke and Harava dams on the outskirts of the city. In both rural and urban areas, people suffer because of the poor water quality in Cameroon. The dominant land cover in the northern lowland region is savanna scrub and grass. The Dja and Kad drain southeastward into the Congo River. Male lions showed a preference for medium Bovidae in the early dry and wet seasons, and for Suidae in the late dry and wet seasons (Fig. The study was conducted between 2005 and 2007 in the northern sector of Hwange National Park (Hwange), north-western Zimbabwe, latitudes 1830 and 1950 S and longitudes 2545 and 2730 E. The study area covers c. 7554 km2 of dystrophic woodland savanna. Corrections, Expressions of Concern, and Retractions. feeding locations) of African lions in Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe, a semi-arid African savanna structured by artificial waterholes. 1 being water and season. Livestock agriculture and fishing are also important, and the commercial bushmeat trade is large enough to threaten wildlife. 23 Views. Jacobs indices revealed that lions of both sexes kill their prey preferentially within 2 km from a waterhole for all prey species except small antelopes (Fig. 2018. 2). No seasonal difference in male lion diet was detected, due to the prime importance of buffalo throughout the year. We use cookies to analyse how visitors use our website and to help us provide the best possible experience for users. This is consistent with previous findings suggesting that female lion home range size was constrained by the abundance of kudu in the early dry season [40]. What are the water sources of Cameroon? e55182. The upland areas have a mild climate with high rainfall. Imagine that thomas was asked to collect the water needed to supply only the cooking and The congo river is the world's second largest after amazon river in . Here, we used a combination of the two approaches to provide the most complete description of lion diet in Hwange National Park, an approach that has already proved very useful for large carnivore diet in other systems [3][4], [38]. The river has been exploited by local communities for transport, fish, and water for irrigation. Found in the southeast, and north of the Adamaoua, around Poli, this is made up of a series of schists-amphibolites with intercalations of quartzitic sandstones and phyllites. Then-Gov. Windhoek They however went dysfunctional and the community faced a serious water crisis. Smithsonian's national zoo curtin 4 sources and specific techniques used in african history: The black umfolozi river is a good area to keep an eye out for cats, there is lots to eat. Cameroon What Are The Specific Water Sources The Lions Exploit? What are the characteristics of rivers in Cameroon? We systematically searched for potential lion kill sites by identifying clusters of x:y location coordinates including 4 hours of sequential locations within a defined proximity (150 m), and these were then investigated on foot (see also [4], [24]). In Hwange, previous findings have shown that lion home range size was influenced by buffalo density in the late dry season ([40]). Sightings of Lion in the Hluhluwe Umfolozi vary according to various factors. This study revealed seasonal patterns in secondary prey consumption by female lions partly based on prey ecology with browsers, such as giraffe and kudu, mainly consumed in the early dry season, and grazers, such as zebra and suids, contributing more to female diet in the late dry season. Your use of information provided by this website is at your own risk. (2013) Seasonal Diet and Prey Preference of the African Lion in a Waterhole-Driven Semi-Arid Savanna. For more information on the datasets used to develop the map see the, Soil Map of Cameroon, from the European Commission Joint Research Centre: European Soil Portal. Volcanic massifs from the Adamaoua to the Atlantic. Rural population with access to safe drinking water (%), Urban population with access to safe drinking water (%), Population affected by water related disease, Total internal renewable water resources (cubic metres/inhabitant/year), Total exploitable water resources (Million cubic metres/year), Freshwater withdrawal as% of total renewable water resources, Total renewable groundwater (Million cubic metres/year), Exploitable: Regular renewable groundwater (Million cubic metres/year), Groundwater produced internally (Million cubic metres/year), Fresh groundwater withdrawal (primary and secondary) (Million cubic metres/year), Groundwater: entering the country (total) (Million cubic metres/year), Groundwater: leaving the country to other countries (total) (Million cubic metres/year, Industrial water withdrawal (all water sources) (Million cubic metres/year), Municipal water withdrawal (all water sources) (Million cubic metres/year), Agricultural water withdrawal (all water sources) (Million cubic metres/year), Irrigation water withdrawal (all water sources), Irrigation water requirement (all water sources), Cultivated land (arable and permanent crops) (ha), Area equipped for irrigation by groundwater (ha), Area equipped for irrigation by mixed surface water and groundwater (ha). Water Practice and Technology. Tsavo Parks and Chyulu Hills Complex - Unesco. 2009). They are the most recent available information in the Aquastat database. PLOS is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation, #C2354500, based in San Francisco, California, US. United Nations. 3B). The prey items detected were categorised similarly to the prey detected from the kills. Boreholes are typically between 40 and 200 m deep. Laboratoire de Biomtrie et Biologie Evolutive, CNRS UMR 5558, Universit Claude Bernard - Lyon 1, Bt Gregor Mendel, Villeurbanne, France, Affiliation: Favourable soils and climate have allowed plantation agriculture to flourish, with extensive export of cash crops, including coffee and cocoa. 3B and C). In African semi-arid savannas, surface-water is a heterogeneously distributed, limiting resource which becomes scarcer as the dry season progresses. Altitude varies from 800 m to 1100 m and rainfall data were available from 1918 to 2007. Etosha Nonetheless, kill investigations revealed that elephant is an important prey species, contributing 23% and 20% of biomass to male and female lion diet respectively. The MCP method is the oldest one used among home range analysis methods ( Burt, 1943; Mohr, 1947), being the smallest convex polygon that encompasses all the lion locations, either using all the locations (MCP100%) or by first removing 5% of the outliers in the dataset (MCP95%) ( Powell, 2000 ). More information is available in the report Groundwater in North and West Africa: Cameroon (1988) (see References section, below). Cameroon: Water source sustains community, 1986 Panda Symbol WWF World Wide Fund For Nature (formerly World Wildlife Fund). Your email address will not be published. These statistics are sourced from FAO Aquastat. Officially known as the Republic of Cameroon, this country is surrounded by six other African countries, as well as three bodies of water. The access rate to fresh water is still low and far from the millennium's goal target (43,9%); the rate of water sanitation and hygiene is worse (36%). Lake Chad Basin Aquifer - Cretaceous to Quaternary. The largest is Lake Chad, of which 800 km2 (Little Chad phase) to 1 800 km2 (Normal Chad phase) are Cameroon territory, or 840% of the lake area, depending on the floods (Welcomme, 1979). Four good reasons to indulge in cryptocurrency! Semi-arid ecosystems are characterized by seasonal variations in surface-water and vegetation resources, with several implications for herbivores, and ultimately their predators. Performed the experiments: ZD JEH FVK. Some urban centres widely use groundwater, including Douala. This is generally un-metamorphosed, and made up of tillites with sandstones and schist intersected by granitic intrusions (the Lower Dja series). Here we investigate potential seasonality in the diet, prey preference and distribution of kills (i.e. Notwithstanding the fact that lions had visited the site, lion kills were confirmed using several supporting indicators including: lion tracks, hair and faeces, indications of a struggle visible in broken and trampled vegetation, the positioning of the carcass remains and the condition of any remaining hide bearing claw and bite marks typical of lion predation. A male Lion will develop a mane by year 3, this will vary in color from blond to black. Lions are stalk-and-ambush hunters that use vegetative cover for concealment during hunting and are known to ambush prey in habitats surrounding high-prey abundance areas . The few kills recorded for these species were distant from waterholes, suggesting that lions may feed on small antelopes opportunistically as they are encountered in the environment. 1 More information on irrigation water use and requirement statistics. (A) Mean distance to a waterhole for kills for the different prey species. Where does the Cameroon River get its water? Temperatures vary drastically in the Kalahari, going below zero on winter nights and reaching as high as 40 degrees Celsius during summer days. 2011. Bundesanstalt fr Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR). The rural population largely relies on groundwater for water supply, through springs, hand dug wells, and boreholes equipped with hand pumps (Ako Ako et al. Our safari planners aren't available now. We used data from 74 faecal samples. Boreholes are between 60 and 200 m deep (UN 1988). Like the continent includes the islands of Cape Verde, Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles, and thus! spesification Availability and access to surface water resources should be considered a priority in the design and management of protected areas in dryland regions to minimize the impact of large wildlife populations on surface water quality and ensure available surface water resources are able to sustainable support both human and animal needs, they concluded. Copper isn't Zambia's only rich natural resource. Here, we investigate the seasonal contribution of the different herbivore species, prey preference and distribution of kills (i.e. The coast is hot and very wet, with only a short dry season. Cameroon has one of the strongest economies in sub-Saharan Africa. The most frequently occurring prey species were buffalo for both sexes: 56% for males and 33% for females. Lions of the okavango delta. Some - eg Mamf - contain evaporites. Shallow coastal aquifers are subject to seawater intrusion. Indeed, it has become apparent in Southern Africa that male lions hunt successfully and quite often in the absence of female lions [25], [26]. Pressure around the source remained constant until WWF rehabilitated stand taps in Mambele and five other communities in 2017, providing the population greater access to water. Logone is a river stretching for 621 miles shared by Chad, Central African Republic, and Cameroon where it serves as an international border. Water Supply and Sanitation in Cameroon. From buffalo to hippo and even adult elephant the there are prides that have adapted to preying on all. Because of this water activity the front quarters of the Okavango Delta lions are more developed than those of other lions. Marion Valeix, Affiliation: Leave a comment Seasonal differences in the distribution of prey consumed were tested using chi-square tests. Groundwater in North and West Africa: Cameroon. Mambele residents have been drinking from this never-drying source for as long as the local residents can remember. WWF worked together with the communities to rehabilitate six stand taps in six communities," explains Njounan. For full functionality of this site, please enable JavaScript. The water is usually of magnesium-carbonate type (Mafany and Fantong 2006). With 208 km 3 of renewable water resources, only 1 km 3 is used for drinking water. In terms of quantity, it is the second potential in. April 20, 2022 Lion kills were located in a preferentially selected "zone" around artificial waterholes, suggesting that these scarce resources form passive traps for ungulate prey. Were classified based on the datasets used to develop the map see the transboundary resources! Surface-Water is a heterogeneously distributed, limiting resource which becomes scarcer as dry! The territory of Cameroon, sometimes covered with alluvium and other unconsolidated deposits, and for! 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The authors have declared that no competing interests exist forensic evidence of kill!
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