The heat distribution piping network is 900km (559mi) long and comprises 14,000 substations and 10,000 heated buildings. There are two ski centers on Mount Vitosha to accommodate visitors to this very popular sports destination. In the 500s BC, the area became part of a Thracian state union, the Odrysian kingdom from another Thracian tribe the Odrysses. There is a multitude of discotheques, restaurants, bars, piano bars, folk clubs, taverns, soda fountains, fast food outlets and many other kinds of entertainment. [122] Districts and settlements have their own governor who is elected in a popular election. Prisoner Type Pretrial Inmate; Classification VG3; Housing Facility Jefferson County Jail - Birmingham; Total Bond Amount; Total Bail Amount $0.00; Booking Origin Hoover PD; Bond Number Bond Type Bond Amount; 2023-00000019: Good Bond: 2023-00000020: Good Bond: 2023-00000021: Good Bond: Charges Court Date Court Court Room; No data: Number Charge . [101] The Ottoman commander left the following description of the city garrison: "Inside the fortress [Sofia] there is a large and elite army, its soldiers are heavily built, moustached and look war-hardened, but are used to consume wine and rakiain a word, jolly fellows. [74] However, a report by the European Court of Auditors issued in September 2018 revealed that Sofia has not drafted any projects to reduce air pollution from heating. Sofia is one of the most visited tourist destinations in Bulgaria alongside coastal and mountain resorts. Public investments in infrastructure, education and local economy brought greater diversity to the city. In 1867 was inaugurated the first chitalishte in Sofia a Bulgarian cultural institution. Since Mount Vitosha is a preferred destination for the capitals residents, its fields and paths are alive with nature lovers. [208], Higher education includes four of the five highest-ranking national universities Sofia University (SU), the Technical University of Sofia, New Bulgarian University and the Medical University of Sofia. Policy implications and recommendations are also discussed. Sofia's geographic location, in the foothills of the weekend retreat Vitosha mountain, further adds to the city's specific atmosphere. Springs and autumns in Sofia are usually short with variable and dynamic weather. There are more than fifteen swimming complexes in the city, most of them outdoor. Sofia entered a period of economic and political decline in the 17th century, accelerated during the period of anarchy in the Ottoman Balkans of the late 18th and early 19th century, when local Ottoman warlords ravaged the countryside. In 1879 there was a dispute about what the name of the new Bulgarian capital should be, when the citizens created a committee of famous people, insisting for the Slavic name. There are two golf courses within an hours drive of the city, in the city of Ihtiman and the village of Ravno Polye, both offering excellent facilities to play and practice this sport that is becoming more and more popular in Bulgaria. Over 99.6% of males and females aged over 9 are recorded as literate. [207], A number of secondary language schools provide education in a selected foreign language. Overall, Sofia has 186km (116 miles) of railway lines. Sofia is a regional IT hub, ranking second among the Top 10 fastest growing tech centers in Europe in terms of annual growth of active members. Inmate Behavior Management: The Key to a Safe and Secure Jail Issues in Jail Operations, 2003: Perspectives from State Jail Inspection Agencies Jails Division Objective Jail Classification Systems: A Guide for Jail Administrators Resource Guide for Jail Administrators Women in Jail: Classification Issues Level 3 - The security level that is the next degree higher than Level 2, and requires more security/supervision than Level 2, but less than Level 4. [182] Manufacturing companies include Woodward, Inc., producing airframe and industrial turbomachinery systems,[183] Festo, producing microsensors,[184] Visteon, development and engineering of instrument clusters, LCD displays and domain controllers,[185] Melexis, producing micro-electronic semiconductor solutions in the automotive sector,[186] Sopharma, producing pharmaceuticals, the largest Lufthansa Technik maintenance facilities outside Germany etc.[187]. The population of Sofia expanded rapidly due to migration from rural regions. The architecture of Sofia's centre is thus a combination of Neo-Baroque, Neo-Rococo, Neo-Renaissance and Neoclassicism, with the Vienna Secession also later playing an important part, but it is most typically Central European. Shopi speak the Western Bulgarian dialects. Serdica was a significant city on the Roman road Via Militaris, connecting Singidunum and Byzantium. [194][195] The Sofia Metro became operational in 1998, and now has four lines and 47 stations. The origin is in the Greek word sophia () "wisdom". The city center contains many remains of ancient Serdica that have been excavated and are on public display, including Complex Ancient Serdica, eastern gate, western gate, city walls, thermal baths, 4th c. church of St. George Rotunda, amphitheatre of Serdica, the tombs and basilicas under the basilica of St. Sophia. The median age is 38 though. Sofia has a humid continental climate (Kppen climate classification Dfb; Cfb if with 3C isotherm) with an average annual temperature of 10.9C (51.6F). Population over the years (in thousands): According to 2018 data, the city has a population of 1,400,384 and the whole Sofia Capital Municipality of 1,500,120. The city is home to a number of large sports venues, including the 43,000-seat Vasil Levski National Stadium which hosts international football matches, as well as Balgarska Armia Stadium, Georgi Asparuhov Stadium and Lokomotiv Stadium, the main venues for outdoor musical concerts. [202] The municipality was known for minor and cosmetic repairs and many streets are in a poor condition. The neolithic village in Slatina dating to the 5th6th millennium BC is documented. , , 1910 , . Some of Bulgaria's most famous operatic singers, such as Nicolai Ghiaurov and Ghena Dimitrova, made their first appearances on the stage of the National Opera and Ballet. This is noticeably changing in the past years. During the Russo-Turkish War of 187778, Suleiman Pasha threatened to burn the city in defence, but the foreign diplomats Leandre Legay, Vito Positano, Rabbi Gabriel Almosnino and Josef Valdhart refused to leave the city thus saving it. Serdica became part of the First Bulgarian Empire during the reign of Khan Krum in 809, after a long siege. The crypt of the Alexander Nevsky cathedral is another branch of the National Gallery. Iztok Zapad, 2005. harvnb error: no target: CITEREFGeographic_Dictionary_of_Bulgaria1980 (. Texts by Marazov, Ivan; Venedikov, Ivan; Fol, Alexander; Tacheva, Margarita. The highest recorded temperature is 41C (106F) (5 July 2000 and 24 July 2007). [51] The warmest year on record was 2019 with an annual temperature of 11.9C (53F).[52]. During that time Sofia was the largest import-export-base in modern-day Bulgaria for the caravan trade with the Republic of Ragusa. Privilege levels will be greater than Level 3 and individuals may be eligible for Reintegration Units. [216][217] All five of Bulgaria's supercomputers and supercomputing clusters are located in Sofia as well. Strictly Necessary Cookie should be enabled at all times so that we can save your preferences for cookie settings. [75] Particulates are now largely measured by a network of 300 sensors maintained by volunteers since 2017. [43][44] Fog is not unusual, especially in the beginning of the season. [84][85][86] The ancient city is located between TZUM, Sheraton Hotel and the Presidency. The largest group are occupied in trading, followed by those in the manufacturing industry. Name . During the winter, the ski resort on Mount Vitosha is a favorite choice among skiers and snowboarders alike, and during the summer it is a favorite place for hikers and picnickers. Other names given to Sofia, such as Serdonpolis ( , "City of the Serdi" in Greek) and Triaditza (, "Trinity" in Greek), were mentioned by Byzantine Greek sources or coins. Popov, Dimitar (ed.). According to the director of Sofia District Police Directorate, the largest share of the crimes are thefts, making up 62.4% of all crimes in the capital city. ", Jen Fitz. [95][97], The city eventually fell to the Byzantine Empire in 1018, following the Byzantine conquest of Bulgaria. Vitosha Boulevard, also called Vitoshka, is a pedestrian zone with numerous cafs, restaurants, fashion boutiques, and luxury goods stores. The maximum vertical drop is 780 meters. The city is the hot spot of internal migration, the capital population is increasing and is around 17% of the national,[162] thus a small number of people with local roots remain today, they dominate the surrounding rural suburbs and are called Shopi. In 1944 Sofia and the rest of Bulgaria was occupied by the Soviet Red Army and within days of the Soviet invasion Bulgaria declared war on Nazi Germany. Kiradzhiev, Svetlin (2006). In 1018, the Byzantines ended Bulgarian rule until 1194, when it was reincorporated by the reborn Bulgarian Empire. [164] In 2015, Sofia was ranked 30th out of 300 global cities in terms of combined growth in employment and real gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, the highest one amongst cities in Southeast Europe. [101] Additionally, there were fountains and hammams (bathhouses). This guide to OJC is intended for both jail administrators and other officials involved in local criminal justice system issues. Sofia and the immediate vicinity also boast a great many spa complexes. There is also a wide variety of hostels and smaller family guesthouses. The transformations of Bulgaria into the People's Republic of Bulgaria in 1946 and into the Republic of Bulgaria in 1990 marked significant changes in the city's appearance. These remains are exhibited in the underpass connecting the Presidential Palace and The Ministerial Council, surrounded by shops selling traditional Bulgarian souvenirs and rosewater. [209], Other institutions of national significance, such as the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (BAS) and the SS. Sofia was selected as the capital of the Third Bulgarian State in the next year, ushering a period of intense demographic and economic growth. The recorded history of the city begins with the attestation of the conquest of Serdica by the Roman Republic in 29 BC from the Celtic tribe Serdi. Khan Krum in 809, after a long siege `` wisdom '' as well of... 51 ] the municipality was known for minor and cosmetic repairs and many are... 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