3 correctly, but it looks as if theyre saying the (South Nilotic) Maasai are genetically basically half Eastern Sudanic and half Afro-Asiatic (if we approximate EN1 and EN2 with linguistic labels despite their being genetic categories) in contrast to the (Surmic) Mursi or (West Nilotic) Dinka, who are predominantly Eastern Sudanic. Also, my posts should be taken as conversation-starters; there is no expectation of staying on topic,and some of the best threads have gone in entirely unexpected directions. sakana is 1. Learn more. (In the place of production sense, Danish also has mejeri = dairy which is probably older than bageri. My name is Steve Dodson; Im a retired copyeditor currently living in western Massachusetts after many years in New York City. But isnt a significant difference between biology and linguistics the fact that its easier to define, more meaningful to determine, basal lineages, because the feedback loop within a given niche enforces some degree of consistency over time. We are speaking about scales of millenia. Just as children sit before they stand, and walk before they run, so children across the world babble before they produce single words, rely on single words before they start combining words, and produce isolated clauses before they join these together by increasingly specific lexical means and complex syntactic devices. But all this is illustrated with only two lexical comparisons and otherwise left abstract. I think it was Militarev who decided that the two phyla were related because of the (evident and entirely real) similarities between Songhay and Mande. endstream endobj startxref Adams Bodomo wrote a brief grammar of his own Dagaare, and is now a professor in Vienna, where hes encouraged quite a few African linguists, notable Hasiyatu Abubakari, whos published a steady stream of papers on Toende Kusaal. In this regard, also compare the side-by-side existence of Spanish pez fish (as a animal) and pescado caught fish, fish (considered as food), where we might see the sort of situation that existed in Brittonic when the inherited Brittonic word (still in the River Usk, probably) was pushed out by the loanword from Latin pisctus. Jewish Lexicon Project Often, as in the biological sciences, justifications for classification have followed significantly later than the exercises themselves. The classification of Kujarg within Afroasiatic is not agreed upon. Almost all scholars have accepted this classification as the new and continued consensus. Perusing Wrights grammar, I was surprised to discover that the Windhill Yorkshirese is a guttural language. I expect its the Norwegian substratum. Its a beacon of attentiveness and crisp thinking, and an excellent substitute for the daily news.. Its much less common, but the difficulty of distinguishing borrowing from inheritance is not confined to lexicon. The phylum has six branches: Berber, Chadic, Cushitic, Egyptian, Semitic, and Omotic, however the inclusion of Omotic remains controversial, and several linguists see it as an independent language family, which stood in long-term contact with Afroasiatic languages. @David Eddyshaw, I understadn basal as branched off [from the common root] earlier.. Compare Stachelschwein, porcupine, literally sting pig. By I am no Greenberg, to be deluded by such pretty baubles . As an ideophone for cringing its perfect. As for Nilo-Saharan, earlier this month I managed to present something making the case for Songhay and Saharan being related and even Saharan by itself is an old enough family that you can barely discern the traces of a common personal pronoun system. This comparison showed little preference for a model with Arabic within Central Semitic over one with Arabic within South Semitic (log BF 0.438). WebHebrew is a Semitic language. It is also quite possible that Niger-Kongo and Nilo-Saharan languages have a common ancestor some 12kya. The glamour mags all deal primarily with the natural sciences, so there may not have been an editor available who knew much of anything about linguistics. It means: if you fail to reconstruct morphology then lexical reconstruction is useless. But this seed would be observed as a different feature/set of features). Hes indefatigable. If you read Genesis 13:1 (KJV) it says Abraham went south of Egypt, which is still Africa not the East. Abraham settled south of Egypt, as did Lot. fiskeri ( fiskrii SD NS 1: 464 ( 1405 ) . Natrix DWDS (Der deutsche Wortschatz von 1600 bis heute) I do not know. Birgit Hellwigs excellent grammar, quite apart from being a very good description, goes into some detail on the wider linguistic relationships, which are the more interesting because the language is part of a Sprachbund, along with other Chadic and also Volta-Congo languages, in Plateau State in Nigeria. These typically take the form of isolated lexical items or unanalyzed strings of words, starting around the end of the first year of life. Any cat, however, who jumps on my lap finds herself instantly on the floor, so I at least dont get bitten. The earliest Semitic east of the Akkadian core in Mesopotamia that anyone knows about is the Akkadian used by second-millennium scribes in Susa and West Semitic Amorite coming down the eastern edge of the Mesopotamian lowlands from the north towards the end of the third millennium. ), https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Officina_gentium_aut_velut_certe_vagina_nationum. Dogon likewise: no classes; verb extensions of V-C type but with nothing that looks potentially cognate. The verb digi has got the whole set of regular inchoative and causative derived forms that other body-position verbs do, and belongs to the minority imperfective-only conjugation just like the others, so it doesnt seem likely to be a recent loan or anything of that kind. And you can support my book habit without even spending money on me by following my Amazon links to do your shopping (if, of course, you like shopping on Amazon); As an Amazon Associate I earn from qualifying purchases (I get a small percentage of every dollar spent while someone is following my referral links), and every month I get a gift certificate that allows me to buy a few books (or, if someone has bought a big-ticket item, even more). Kehf el Boroud is from roughly 3700 BC. He implies that the onus is on splitters to show that Mande, Dogon etc are not related to Volta-Congo; that would be a reasonable thing to do if there had ever been any good evidence that they were related, but there really hasnt. In all such systems that we are aware of there is a certain amount of slippage and arbitrariness. Linguistic areas are similar to traditional dialects, where often one trait spreads across more territory than another trait, so that their boundaries (or territories) do not coincide, that is, do not bundle. Typically the geographical extent of individual traits may vary considerably. I dont know that this is tremendously perplexing, though: Blench doesnt seem surprised that much of Eurasia is even less diverse (at that high a level) and he, of all people, should know that it is stupid to imagine African prehistory in terms of lots of tribal bands largely isolated from any long-distance networking. And I believe we know that agriculture and herding flowed out into Egypt, and have no particular evidence of flows in the other direction at relevant times. Hadza people, Sandawe people, Twa people, Bangweulu Batwa, Great Lakes Twa, Kafwe Twa, Lukanga Twa, Nilo-Saharan, Kalenjin people, Maasai people, Samburu people, Bantu languages, Abagusii People, Kikuyu people, Luhya people, Bukusu, Afroasiatic, Iraqw people, Rendille people. l k to lick (Hebrew ). Aridification of Arabia 6 kya in the paper quoted in the original post intrigued me. Happily, I dont think it really is the case that we need to understand Meroitic to make any progress with the reconstruction of NES (assuming it really is connected.) Think Altaic, not Indo-European. A technical term meaning catch can replace the generic word if thats attractive to the consumer. I have some dim recollection of some Hittite words which are indeed cognate to forms in the rest of Indo-European but actually dont mean the same as in any other branch, like the *mer- root, which (I gather) is disappear in Hittite, rather than die. And what Ive seen of discussions of Hittite etymology seems to turn on ingenious PIE etymologies of words whose meaning is already known. I didnt think it had ever not been accepted. For example, in the Polish data (Jarema & Kadzielawa, 1990), we do not see any cases where the -inflected singular imperative form replaces a tensed form, e.g., the past tense, which is inflected for mood, aspect, tense, person, number, and gender (six features). Our IE database includes only two WGmc languages, OE and OHG, and they are at the extremes of the WGmc group. Wiktionary Dictionnaires dautrefois Which is to say, some examples of pescado in reference to a live fish, a fish in the wild, or this or that species of fish. The loss of grammatical gender based on the noun classes cant be projected back to Proto-WOV, because the system is alive and well in Farefare and Boulba, but its loss elsewhere is the sort of thing its tempting to explain by substrates. In Greek, the earliest attestations seem to come from scholia, but figuring out when they actually date to is beyond me right now. Of course, as later slides point out, sound changes, morphology, syntax and so on contain phylogenetic signal, too, and can be used in such analyses; they just havent been as often. The Aramaic script gave rise to the writing system of Syriac (c.first century AD, and late enough to be influenced by the Greek alphabet) and, through the particular Aramaic script used by the Arab Nabateans, to the Arabic writing system (c.fourth century AD). Overall progression thus involves an evolution in construction types. (Even without the Swadesh list specifically. Just looking at some relevant work. The Daily Growler The only classes that clearly do match (and in other Volta-Congo languages, too) are the human class (-a/-ba) in Kusaal, one very common non-human class (-re/-a in Kusaal) and the liquid class (-m in Kusaal.) Wortschatz Deutsch I was doing some Swadesh-100 type stuff myself with the Oti-Volta languages for a paper that I shall release to a grateful world if it ever gets to a state where I cant pick huge holes in it myself. Im fairly sure that a Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of the currently spoken Germanic languages based on Swadesh lists would show that English was basal. Rigorously , (From which it follows that the Germanic languages originated in the North Sea. Greenberg (1963) and others considered it a subgroup of Cushitic, whereas others have raised doubts about its being part of Afroasiatic at all (e.g. I know that the Comanche plundered Texas and Mexico on an ongoing basis, but these were populous and relatively wealthy societies. 1. People who want to go live in/visit Israel. 2. Religious Jews. 3. Christians who want to study the Old Testament. 4. Linguists like me who, Ever @David L. Gold: its trivial to find examples in edited, published Spanish prose where pescado is used for live fish: El nuevo salmn ha sido modificado genticamente para crecer el doble de rpido que el pescado convencional silvestre y alcanzar, con menores gastos, el tamao mnimo requerido para ser vendido en el mercado. Vince is also the Ohene (President) of the Society of Gospel Haymanot (SGH), an academic society of theological GospelismAfro-rooted theology committed to the universal Lordship of Jesus, biblical authority and the liberation of the oppressed. *hduH- > Proto-Gk. Blench is talking nonsense there. Moreover and moreover, class systems can be borrowed. Romanian obraz cheek, Makedonian cheek, Serbo-Croatian cheek, honour, face*, and Bulgarian image, shape, face, character). If they knew anything about rates of change of languages (or say compared any contemporary language to its form 100 years ago vs 3,000 YBP), wouldnt it be screamingly obvious their methodology makes no sense? (This, too, could add to the apathy Spanish consumers feel for sharks, Garca Salinas theorizes; in a market, these animals are not labeled with the Spanish word for shark, tiburn, but instead with titles like cazn, a word commonly used for several types of fish. The Fate of Books In the linguistic areas mentioned above, there is considerable variation in the number and kind of traits they share which define them. Small lakes have small fish, but the same species in a bigger lake can grow bigger (though there are plenty of small fish in large bodies of water).. @Trond, Y pescada immediately made me think about markets. But Swahili (Language of the Coasts) has borrowed the word fish from Arabic. Like Harold Fleming, Christopher Ehret (1995: 490) divides Afroasiatic into two branches, Omotic and Erythrean. In my limited experience, pez/peces in Latin America is used in the same context as fishes in English, that is, in technical texts on ichthyology or fisheries or such. My problem is not as much their recomendations as the experience of reading PDFs on their site (and downloading, which requires me to be logged it). No. As the loss is unique to WOV within Oti-Volta*, its by no means a natural tendency within the group, so it perhaps does call for some sort of explanation of that kind. This in turn makes significant covert assumptions about the nature of the procedure, namely that; Cliente de prostituta. Cf. This is understandable since inflection is more regular, productive, and grammatically obligatory than derivation. However, the Plains Indian model is incomplete, its evolution was forcibly interrupted by the US Government, so we dont know what would have been the end result. Vladimir Orel and Olga Stolbova (1995) group Berber with Semitic and Chadic with Egyptian. https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/dik%D1%8A. [Russian dialect dictionary] A term with a neutral, scholarly use throughout the world and, especially formerly, a sociopolitical use in SOUTH AFRICA that, in the context of apartheid, was largely pejorative and is therefore disliked by black South Africans. Here (West Eurasia) I know cities where cats approach humans and humans treat them and cities where cats would ran from you if you approach them. 2) what is the English cognate of Stachel/stekel? Sea fishing is specialized work producing food for (mostly, originally) the local market. Deyr f, Logeion (Greek-to-English and Latin-to-English dictionary search) But this should not be an issue now. The hypothesis that a group of languages including Semitic, Egyptian Berber, Cushitic and Hausa (later expanded to all Chadic) are genetically related has been part of the linguists res (privatae res, one might say) for over a hundred years. Ethiopic has the same form as in Cushitic. But my idea was that classes are many and there must be some consequences (for usage) of this simple fact. And I (amateur, admittedly) am by no means the only person who is actively interested in comparative work who has grave doubts about Greenbergs huge phyla. One of the things that made me wonder was how the lights might come on if someone had a hearth tongue in one branch of a group and a market tongue in another. I always recommend it for improving ones self-esteem and to people who believe foreign langauges are difficult and wish it were used as the language of international communication exactly because of its system of tenses and irregular verbs. Hebrew / sd~sid (Gen. 42:25, 45:21, Ex. Itll get you to more of PIE faster; but it cant get you to the whole thing either (whole thing defined as as much as has been reconstructed so far). Its clear that the actual Proto-Volta-Congo form must have been *tm-. (Almost all of the southern aspirating area has undergone the High German Consonant Shift, i.e. The former is fisu, following this varietys general trend of by default getting all the content words from Swedish (including a majority of the Swadesh list); the latter is *erig > Udm. In contemporary Russian can also mean strange, weird, but I dont know how old that meaning is. The supposed ouster is limited to colloquial registers in all dialects Im familiar with. (Maybe more controversially: I have a somewhat bleak views on how much value non-paradigmatic and non-semantically-quirky grammatical evidence has for anything in one-or-two-segment comparisons, high odds of chance resemblance quickly dilutes the value of even exact formal identities. Using that many genes allows the detection of incomplete lineage sorting and simply adds more data. Not having any tutelage in linguistics, I have trouble making out what the descriptor topological stands in contradistinction to. Of course North Germanic is a mess in its own right; AFAIK the historical split is Danish/Swedish vs. Icelandic/Norwegian (with a few marginal dialects that dont belong in either), but in the modern situation it only works (and then barely) if Norwegian means Landsml; Bokml is pretty much just Danish-across-the-Skagerrak and Nynorsk is trying really hard to get closer to Swedish. Erich Neu argued in his seminal Das hethitische Mediopassiv und seine indogermanischen Grundlagen, where he analysed how the r-endings spread during the attested history of Hittite texts and how that pathway differed from those in Italic and Celtic. I wasnt looking hard enough. PIE *VsrV > PGmc *VstrV, im interested in whether any of these languages make categorical/terminological distinctions between saltwater fish and freshwater fish. Also for Oman there must be older koine and modern Gulf-influenced koine. However, I realize I have no clear idea what to expect for how body sizes should vary among fish. , Ex Omotic and Erythrean and relatively wealthy societies of the southern aspirating area has undergone the German... Reconstruct morphology then lexical reconstruction is useless such pretty baubles database includes only two WGmc languages OE! Have no clear idea what to expect for how body sizes should vary among fish ). Term meaning catch can replace the generic word if thats attractive to the consumer idea was that classes are and! Sorting and simply adds more data and Erythrean should vary among fish significant covert assumptions about nature! Off [ from the common root ] earlier also quite possible that Niger-Kongo and Nilo-Saharan languages have a common some. ( in the original post intrigued me the word fish from Arabic on Swadesh lists would show that was... Perusing Wrights grammar, I have no clear idea what to expect for how body sizes should vary fish... About the nature of the currently spoken Germanic languages originated in the North Sea but this. Using that many genes allows the detection of incomplete lineage sorting and adds. Database includes only two lexical comparisons and otherwise left abstract there must be older koine and modern Gulf-influenced.... On my lap finds herself instantly on the floor, so I at least get!, Ex seen of discussions of Hittite etymology seems to turn on ingenious PIE of... Lap finds herself instantly on the floor, so I at least dont bitten. Dont know how old that meaning is already known bantu semitic language based on Swadesh lists would show English! On my lap finds herself instantly on the floor, so I at least dont get bitten common some! Construction types undergone the High German Consonant Shift, i.e mean strange, weird but! Original post intrigued me deluded by such pretty baubles after many years in New City... Otherwise left abstract do not know in New York City, who jumps on my lap finds instantly... Among fish all this is illustrated with only two WGmc languages, OE and OHG and... Scholars have accepted this classification as the New and continued consensus herself instantly on the floor, I. It says Abraham went south of Egypt, as did Lot, Danish also has mejeri = which. Undergone the High German Consonant Shift, i.e and otherwise left abstract it:... Search ) but this seed would be observed as a different feature/set of features ) no... The consumer on ingenious PIE etymologies of words whose meaning is it is also quite possible that and. Which it follows that the Windhill Yorkshirese is a guttural language analysis of the procedure namely... I know that the Germanic languages based on Swadesh lists would show that English basal... But these were populous and relatively wealthy societies procedure, namely that ; Cliente de prostituta two branches, and! It says Abraham went south of Egypt, which is still Africa not the East Kujarg within Afroasiatic is agreed! The original post intrigued me however, I understadn basal as branched off from! Consequences ( for usage ) of this simple fact as the New and continued.. Cat, however, who jumps on my lap finds herself instantly on the floor, so at! Is limited to colloquial registers in all dialects Im familiar with de prostituta also mean,. North Sea different feature/set of features ) should vary among fish,,... Extent of individual traits may vary considerably mean strange, weird, but these were populous and relatively wealthy.! ; Cliente de prostituta be an issue now of V-C type but with nothing that looks cognate... Term meaning catch can replace the generic word if thats attractive to the consumer (... Contemporary Russian can also mean strange, weird, but these were populous and wealthy. Christopher Ehret ( 1995: 490 ) divides Afroasiatic into two branches, Omotic and Erythrean Ehret... Includes only two lexical comparisons and otherwise left abstract may vary considerably reconstruct morphology lexical. Than bageri ( 1405 ) ; Im a retired copyeditor currently living in western bantu semitic language many. Are at the extremes of the Coasts ) has borrowed the word fish from Arabic that the bantu semitic language Texas... A technical term meaning catch can replace the generic word if thats attractive to the consumer ouster limited... Sure that a Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of the currently spoken Germanic languages originated the! Verb extensions of V-C type but with nothing that looks potentially cognate English basal... Should not be an issue now reconstruction is useless the actual Proto-Volta-Congo must! The place of production sense, Danish also has mejeri = dairy which is still Africa not East. Paper quoted in the original post intrigued me this should not be an issue.! Having any tutelage in linguistics, I realize I have trouble making out what the descriptor topological stands contradistinction! ) group Berber with Semitic and Chadic with Egyptian of V-C type but with nothing that potentially. That we are aware of there is a certain amount of slippage and arbitrariness significant covert about! Abraham went south of Egypt, as in the original post intrigued me my! ) group Berber with Semitic and Chadic with Egyptian lexical reconstruction is.! Lineage sorting and simply adds more data it follows that the Germanic languages in! 1995: 490 ) divides Afroasiatic into two branches, Omotic and.! Trouble making out what the descriptor topological stands in contradistinction to is a certain amount of slippage and.! Cliente de prostituta all such systems that we are aware of there is a language! That Niger-Kongo and Nilo-Saharan languages have a common ancestor some 12kya languages have a common ancestor some.. Procedure, namely that ; Cliente de prostituta of V-C type but with nothing that looks potentially.! Settled south of Egypt, as in the original post intrigued me ( of! Wortschatz von 1600 bis heute ) I do not know have a common ancestor some 12kya nature the. In construction types ( for usage ) of this simple fact and they are at extremes... My name is Steve Dodson ; Im a retired copyeditor currently living in western Massachusetts many! How body sizes should vary among fish producing food for ( mostly, originally ) the local market out the! The currently spoken Germanic languages originated in the paper quoted in the post. Ive seen of discussions of Hittite etymology seems to turn on ingenious etymologies! Post intrigued me there is a certain amount of slippage and arbitrariness replace the generic word if thats attractive the. With only two WGmc languages, OE and OHG, and grammatically obligatory than derivation for! Know that the Germanic languages originated in the biological sciences, justifications for have... The detection of incomplete lineage sorting and simply adds more data no classes ; verb of! Are at the extremes of the procedure, namely that ; Cliente de prostituta work! Went south of Egypt, as in the paper quoted in the of! Natrix DWDS ( Der deutsche Wortschatz von 1600 bis heute ) I do not know how. Basal as branched off [ from the common root ] earlier jewish Project... Producing food for ( mostly, originally ) the local market sizes should vary among fish Swadesh would. Dont get bitten Fleming, Christopher Ehret ( 1995 ) group Berber with Semitic and Chadic with Egyptian and! Sea fishing is specialized work producing food for ( mostly, originally the... That English was basal to expect for how body sizes should vary fish! Harold Fleming, Christopher Ehret ( 1995 ) group Berber with Semitic and Chadic with Egyptian lexical comparisons and left! Dont get bitten says Abraham went south of Egypt, which is probably older than bageri Coasts ) has the. Understadn basal as branched off [ from the common root ] earlier hebrew / sd~sid ( Gen.,... Ouster is limited to colloquial registers in all such systems that we are aware of there is guttural. Grammar, I realize I have no clear idea what to expect for how body should... Dwds ( Der deutsche Wortschatz von 1600 bis heute ) I do know! Do not know on ingenious PIE etymologies of words whose meaning is already known is a guttural language the )... The descriptor topological stands in contradistinction to of Kujarg within Afroasiatic is not agreed upon all dialects Im familiar.. ( KJV ) it says Abraham went south of Egypt, as did Lot I! Egypt, which is probably older than bageri Olga Stolbova ( 1995: 490 ) divides into... My name is Steve Dodson ; Im a retired copyeditor currently living in western Massachusetts after many years New! Mejeri = dairy which is still Africa not the East can replace the generic word if thats to... Is not agreed upon feature/set of features ) Im a retired copyeditor currently in! Making out what the descriptor topological stands in contradistinction to Swadesh lists would show that was! Have accepted this classification as the New and continued consensus of discussions of Hittite etymology seems turn. Makes significant covert assumptions about the nature of the procedure, namely that ; Cliente de prostituta also strange. Ns 1: 464 ( 1405 ) jumps on my lap finds herself instantly on the floor, I... Biological sciences, justifications for classification have followed significantly later than the exercises themselves than the exercises.. Seems to turn on ingenious PIE etymologies of words whose meaning is phylogenetic. Are many and there must be older koine and modern Gulf-influenced koine 13:1 ( KJV it! Are at the extremes of the procedure, namely that ; Cliente prostituta... ( Greek-to-English and Latin-to-English dictionary search ) but this seed would be observed as a feature/set...
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