So losing Flight 800 to an in-flight explosion of another kind was a very rare event indeed.. But he said the pattern of injuries he has seen -- which reflects examinations of less than one-fourth of those on the plane -- would not be consistent with a bomb, plastic or otherwise, in the passenger cabin. Investigators believe the explosion began in the center fuel tank, but they say. [44]:10 With access to these documents no longer controlled by the FBI, the NTSB formed a second witness group to review the documents. Among the dead were 18 crew members and 212 passengers, including 16 students and five chaperones from Pennsylvania's Montoursville Area High School French Club. [63] The NTSB had first recommended such a rule just five months after the incident and 33 years after a similar recommendation issued by the Civil Aeronautics Board Bureau of Safety on December 17, 1963, nine days after the crash of Pan Am Flight 214. Customers have virtually disappeared from Larry's Crab House, a festive restaurant with a deck and volleyball court adjacent to a marina on Moriches Bay. [1]:94 Additionally, the occupants of the target track were unlikely to have been able to hear the explosions over the sound of its engines and the noise of the hull traveling through water, even more so if the occupants were in an enclosed bridge or cabin. THE DEAD DO SOMETIMES TELL tales, if you know how to look for them. Victims and wreckage were recovered by scuba divers and ROVs; later scallop trawlers were used to recover wreckage embedded in the sea floor. Flight 800 lawsuit puts focus on fuel pump - Dec . In April 1998, the FBI provided the NTSB with the identities of the witnesses, but due to the time elapsed, a decision was made to rely on the original FBI documents rather than reinterview witnesses. Of the 230 passengers and crew believed killed in the crash of TWA Flight 800, searchers have found 100 bodies so far, and the Suffolk County medical examiner's office . [32]:3 Ultimately, remains of all 230 victims were recovered and identified, the last over 10 months after the crash. Various civilian, military, and police vessels reached the crash site and searched for survivors within minutes of the initial water impact, but found none,[1]:86 making TWA 800 the second-deadliest aircraft accident in United States history at that time. During this time, quenching was identified as an issue, where the explosion would extinguish itself as it passed through the complex structure of the CWT. From that investigation we issued safety recommendations that fundamentally changed the way aircraft are designed.. After missile visibility tests were conducted in April 2000, at Eglin Air Force Base, Fort Walton Beach, Florida,[1]:254 the NTSB determined that if witnesses had observed a missile attack, they would have seen: Because of their unique vantage points or the level of precision and detail provided in their accounts, five witness accounts generated special interest:[1]:242243 the pilot of Eastwind Airlines Flight 507, the crew members in the HH-60 helicopter, a streak-of-light witness aboard US Airways Flight 217, a land witness on the Beach Lane Bridge in Westhampton Beach, New York, and a witness on a boat near Great Gun Beach. "There are 200 human beings who are now nonexistent, and those are people someone loved, and it could have been someone we loved. [64], The crash of TWA Flight 800, and that of ValuJet Flight 592 earlier in 1996, prompted Congress to pass the Aviation Disaster Family Assistance Act of 1996 as part of the federal aviation appropriations bill. [1]:257 The breakup also could have been initiated by an in-flight separation of the forward cargo door like the disasters on board Turkish Airlines Flight 981 or United Airlines Flight 811, but all evidence indicated that the door was closed and locked at impact. Anyone can read what you share. On July 17, 1996, TWA Flight 800 crashed into the Atlantic Ocean off of Long Island, New York. "You get a little used to it," he said. [1]:45[note 1][12][13][note 2], The ground-maintenance crew locked out the thrust reverser for engine #3 (treated as a minimum equipment list item) because of technical problems with the thrust reverser sensors during the landing of TWA 881 at JFK, prior to Flight 800's departure. Following the NTSB's ruling, the plane was used in training plane crash investigators and families of the victims were allowed to visit it, although it was never opened to the public. Accordingly, the NTSB decommissioned the wreckage in July 2021. The source of ignition energy for the explosion could not be determined with certainty, but, of the sources evaluated by the investigation, the most likely was a short circuit outside of the CWT that allowed excessive voltage to enter it through electrical wiring associated with the fuel quantity indication system. Only 15 of the 230 bodies have not been recovered. [51]:6, As the investigation progressed, the NTSB decided to form a witness group to more fully address the accounts of witnesses. "As physicians, part of our training is being able to separate -- to empathize without sympathizing," said Wetli, who was deputy medical examiner in Dade County, Fla., during Hurricane Andrew. [40]:2[41]:7[39]:12, Much anger and political pressure was also directed at Suffolk County Medical Examiner Dr. Charles V. Wetli, as recovered bodies backlogged at the morgue. Six months into the investigation, the NTSB's chairman, Jim Hall, was quoted as saying, "All three theoriesa bomb, a missile, or mechanical failureremain. Oakley notes that from the distant perspective of witnesses on the ground, the sequence of the explosion, a sudden shift of gravity and continuing forward momentum that caused a sharp temporary climb, and the planes vertical dive and fiery descent, the crash could have looked like the result of some sort of attack. [5] Sixteen months later, the JTTF announced that no evidence of a criminal act had been found and closed its active investigation. CAPTION: A flower shop sign on Highway 25 outside East Moriches carries sentiments felt by many along the south shore of Long Island, closest land to crash site. Trans World Airlines Flight 800 (TWA800) was a Boeing 747-100 that exploded and crashed into the Atlantic Ocean near East Moriches, New York, on July 17, 1996, at about 8:31pm. "[1]:63, Map showing the locations of the red, yellow, and green zones[1]:fig. [44]:7 No verbatim records of the witness interviews were produced; instead, the agents who conducted the interviews wrote summaries that they then submitted. Purvis says while four years is a long time for an investigation, its not outside the accepted bounds. "[1]:2 A loud noise recorded on the last few tenths of a second of the CVR was similar to the last noises recorded from other airplanes that had experienced in-flight breakups. The TWA press release gives 25. To do so, all devices are protected from vapor intrusion, and voltages and currents used by the fuel quantity indication system (FQIS) are kept very low. HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. The tortuous search for bodies and plane remnants was delayed as rain, wind and fog rendered the Atlantic impassable for search crews. [1]:290 Finally, the CWT fuel quantity gauge was recovered and indicated 640pounds instead of the 300pounds that had been loaded into that tank. Medical Examiner Wetli said only half of the 100 bodies retrieved from the ocean so far had been processed, meaning photographed, fingerprinted, weighed, X-rayed, and autopsied. "[1]:237 The interviews conducted by the FBI focused on the possibility of a missile attack; suggested interview questions given to FBI agents such as "Where was the sun in relation to the aircraft and the missile launch point?" [1]:63 This facility became the command center and headquarters for the investigation. [44]:12[52], The NTSB's review of the released witness documents determined that they contained 736 witness accounts, of which 258 were characterized as "streak of light" witnesses ("an object moving in the sky variously described [as] a point of light, fireworks, a flare, a shooting star, or something similar. [41]:5 Since the primary objective was to identify all remains rather than performing a detailed forensic autopsy, the thoroughness of the examinations was highly variable. [1]:229, Examination of the cockpit voice recorder (CVR) and flight data recorder data showed a normal takeoff and climb,[15]:4 with the aircraft in normal flight[46]:2 before both abruptly stopped at 8:31:12pm. Evidence of arcing was found in a wire bundle that included FQIS wiring connecting to the center wing tank. TWA800 was behind the target, and with the likely forward-looking perspective of the target's occupant(s), the occupants would not have been in a position to observe the aircraft's breakup or subsequent explosions or fireball(s). These tests simulated a fuel-air explosion in the CWT by igniting a propane-air mixture; this resulted in the failure of the tank structure due to overpressure. [32]:2, Relatives of TWA 800 passengers and crew, as well as the media, gathered at the Ramada Plaza JFK Hotel. These plugs were blown out following the explosion of Flight 800. At the time of the crash, 49 CFR 831.5 specified that the NTSB's aviation accident investigations have priority over all other federal investigations. Engine #3 was started 10 minutes later at 8:14 pm. [1]:258, The NTSB considered the possibility that the explosive residue was due to contamination from the aircraft's use in 1991 transporting troops during the Gulf War or its use in a dog-training explosive detection exercise about one month before the accident. [1]:243247 Advocates of a missile-attack scenario asserted that some of these witnesses observed a missile;[1]:264 analysis demonstrated that the observations were not consistent with a missile attack on TWA800, but instead were consistent with these witnesses having observed part of the in-flight fire and breakup sequence after the CWT explosion. All 230 people on board died in the crash. [1]:264, The NTSB concluded, "the witness observations of a streak of light were not related to a missile and that the streak of light reported by most of these witnesses was burning fuel from the accident airplane in crippled flight during some portion of the postexplosion, preimpact breakup sequence". Flight 800 has begun releasing details to family members who request them. 27, p. 92, Trace amounts of explosive residue were detected on three samples of material from three separate locations of the recovered airplane wreckage (described by the FBI as a piece of canvas-like material and two pieces of a floor panel). [9], The accident airplane, registration N93119 (a Boeing 747-131), was manufactured by Boeing in July 1971; it had been ordered by Eastern Air Lines, but after Eastern cancelled its 747 orders, the plane was purchased new by Trans World Airlines. [15]:4[16][17] The last recorded radar transponder return from the airplane was recorded by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) radar site at Trevose, Pennsylvania, at 8:31:12pm. Despite the safety boards official findings, over the last two decades, conspiracy theorists, bolstered by eyewitness accounts reporting a missile strike, continue to charge that a terrorist attack, bombing or even friendly fire took down Flight 800. All 230 passengers and crew were killed. It was one of many moments since the crash of TWA Flight 800 when personal feelings intruded on the practiced professionalism of disaster workers. EDT, 12 minutes after takeoff from John F. Kennedy International Airport, on a scheduled international passenger flight to Rome, with a stopover in Paris. ATC recording (courtesy Allec Joshua Ibay), International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers, surge tank fire that destroyed a 747 near Madrid in 1976, AirCraft Casualty Emotional Support Services, "In-flight Breakup Over the Atlantic Ocean Trans World Airlines Flight 800 Boeing 747-131, N93119 Near East Moriches, New York July 17, 1996", "Investigators Focus Closely on Terrorism As Cause of Explosion: Chemicals Found on Jet Victims, U.S. Reports", "Terror on Flight 800: Who wishes us ill? [26][27][28] Since the NTSB does not investigate criminal activity, the United States Attorney General is empowered to declare an investigation to be linked to a criminal act, and require the NTSB to relinquish control of the investigation to the FBI. The aircraft was refueled, and a crew change was made; the new flight crew consisted of 58-year-old Captain Ralph G. Kevorkian (who had flown for TWA for 31 years and the U.S. Air Force for 9 years), 57-year-old Captain/Check Airman Steven E. Snyder (who had flown for TWA for 32 years), and 63-year-old Flight Engineer/Check Airman Richard G. Campbell Jr. (who had flown for TWA for 30 years and the U.S. Air Force for 12 years), as well as 25-year-old flight engineer trainee Oliver Krick (who previously served as a business pilot for 4 years), who had flown for TWA for 26 days and was starting the sixth leg of his initial operating experience training. CAPTION: On a dock in Brooklyn, a section of the 747 jumbo jet that crashed Wednesday night is hauled away as part of the investigation into the cause. [1]:290 The NTSB concluded that the most likely source of sufficient voltage to cause ignition was a short from damaged wiring, or within electrical components of the FQIS. [1]:263, Only the FAA radar facility in North Truro, Massachusetts, using specialized processing software from the United States Air Force 84th Radar Evaluation Squadron, was capable of estimating the altitude of TWA 800 after it lost power due to the CWT explosion. The design and certification concept that fuel tank explosions could be prevented solely by precluding all ignition sources. Conspiracy theories claim that the crash was due to a U.S. Navy missile test gone awry, a terrorist missile strike, or an on-board bomb. [1]:93 In addition, the records indicated that the closest area scheduled for military use, warning area W-387A/B, was 160 nautical miles (296km; 184mi) south. Expressing frustration at the NTSB's unwillingness to speculate on a cause, one FBI agent described the NTSB as "No opinions. [54]:6. [1]:256 This, together with the distribution of wreckage and witness reports, all indicated a sudden catastrophic in-flight breakup of TWA 800. [59], The wreckage was moved to an NTSB facility in Ashburn, Virginia, that was custom-built for the purpose. "We've had marina customers afraid to come down," said co-owner Harvey Gessin. On July 24, 2012, this FOIA release was re-uploaded to address technical issues. [60][61] The reconstructed aircraft was used to train accident investigators until it was decommissioned in 2021. . [1]:xvi Problems with the aircraft's wiring were found, including evidence of arcing in the fuel quantity indication system (FQIS) wiring that enters the tank. [7][8] The report's conclusion was that the probable cause of the accident was explosion of flammable fuel vapors in the center fuel tank. What many thought was a missile was actually the death throes of an airplane that briefly went up before it, sadly and inevitably, went down, Oakley says. CNN's traffic quadrupled to 3.9 million views per day. [1]:109,263 Shortly after, the left wing separated from what remained of the main fuselage, which resulted in further development of the fuel-fed fireballs as the pieces of wreckage fell to the ocean. All 230 passengers and crew were killed. [1]:87 Because of accuracy limitations, these radar data could not be used to determine whether the aircraft climbed after the nose separated. The FBI may still conduct a criminal investigation, but the NTSB investigation has priority. [44]:5 Witnesses were not asked to review or correct the summaries. I saw none, and the real experts, who were much better at it than I, saw nothing either. Below is a list of those on board, according to family, friends or officials . [1]:273274 Since none of the recovered CWT wreckage exhibited these damage characteristics, and none of the areas of missing wreckage was large enough to encompass all the expected damage, the investigation concluded that this scenario was "very unlikely". With todays very sophisticated weather radar and stringent rules for avoiding potentially dangerous weather this virtually never occurs, Oakley says. [1]:258 Of the 5% of the fuselage that was not recovered, none of the missing areas was large enough to have covered all the damage that would have been caused by the detonation of a bomb or missile. [2][3][4] Consequently, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and New York Police Department Joint Terrorism Task Force (JTTF) initiated a parallel criminal investigation. He said most have massive injuries, adding that it would be "irresponsible and inhumane" to allow families to see the victims, or even to see photographs of their bodies. Dale Russakoff is the author of "The Prize," published by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Many recommendations came out of the completed investigation, including everything from changes in daily operational procedures to modifications of the center fuel tanks on other 747s, Oakley says. [18] Many witnesses in the vicinity of the crash stated that they saw or heard explosions, accompanied by a large fireball or fireballs over the ocean, and observed debris, some of which was burning while falling into the water. 26, p. 91, Primary radar returns that appeared near the TWA 800 after 8:31:12pm: The 30-knot track is at the bottom center of the image. To me, it is impossible for secrets like this to be kept secret very long.. "You would see ripping, shredding and tearing of bodies" from a bomb in the cabin, he said. Flight Engineer/Check Airman Campbell had 3,047 flight hours, including 2,397 of them on the Boeing 747 and was seated in the cockpit jump seat. That added some time to the investigation.. Behind drawn shades in the autopsy rooms of the Suffolk . [73][74] Destruction of the wreckage was scheduled for completion before the end of 2021.[72]. TWA 800 was scheduled to depart JFK for Charles de Gaulle Airport around 7:00pm, but the flight was delayed until 8:02pm by a disabled piece of ground equipment and a passenger/baggage mismatch. [47][48] In addition, the backs of several damaged passenger seats were observed to have an unknown red/brown-shaded substance on them. [41]:1 The FBI, from the start assuming that a criminal act had occurred,[41]:3 saw the NTSB as indecisive. TWA Flight 800 crashed eight miles off the coast of Long Island at dusk on a clear summer night. "[41]:4 Meanwhile, the NTSB was required to refute or play down speculation about conclusions and evidence, frequently supplied to reporters by law enforcement officials and politicians. Hundreds of witnesses saw the plane explode from . The FQIS on Flight 800 is known to have been malfunctioning; the captain remarked on "crazy" readings from the system about 2 minutes and 30 seconds before the aircraft exploded. [44]:5 Included in some of the witness summaries were drawings or diagrams of what the witness observed. [1]:256, At the start of FBI's investigation, because of the possibility that international terrorists might have been involved, assistance was requested from the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). ")[1]:230 The NTSB witness group concluded that the streak of light reported by witnesses might have been the actual airplane during some stage of its flight before the fireball developed, noting that most of the 258 streak-of-light accounts were generally consistent with the calculated flightpath of the accident airplane after the CWT explosion. [1]:273 Based on these simulations, the NTSB concluded that it was "very unlikely" that a warhead could have detonated in such a location where a fragment could penetrate the CWT without other missile fragments impacting the surrounding airplane structure, leaving distinctive impact marks. 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