Some small enterprises never receive any of the benefits. The development of the. Rather, the decline represents a substantive shift in science and technology, . To satisfy these considerations I recommend the establishment of a Board, made up equally of scientists and military men, whose function would be to pass upon the declassification and to control the release for publication of scientific information which is now classified. Bushs vision set the course for US science policy for more than half a century, building the worlds most productive scientific enterprise. The Members should serve without compensation but should be entitled to their expenses incurred in the performance of their duties. CHAPTER 5. the report Science: The Endless Frontiers "Bush produced a political document, a textual weapon for the political battles that took place from 1945 to 1950 on the form, objectives, and de . The Armed Services cannot be expected to be experts in all of the complicated fields which make it possible for a great nation to fight successfully in total war. To permit the release of information by one agency and to continue to restrict it elsewhere would be unfair in its effect and would tend to impair the morale and efficiency of scientists who have submerged individual interests in the controls and restrictions of war. EPUB or PDF. These results have been achieved through a great amount of basic research in medicine and the preclinical sciences, and by the dissemination of this new scientific knowledge through the physicians and medical services and public health agencies of the country. Discoveries pertinent to medical progress have often come from remote and unexpected sources, and it is certain that this will be true in the future. Other examples can be cited in which medical progress has been similarly advanced. It is the primary responsibility of the Army and Navy to train the men, make available the weapons, and employ the strategy that will bring victory in combat. 1) The Bush report focused on basic science and university-trained scientific manpower, while ignoring or downplaying applied research and development. Uncertainties as to the attitude of the Bureau of Internal Revenue regarding the deduction of research and development expenses are a deterrent to research expenditure. The symposium marked the 75th anniversary of the landmark report Science, the Endless Frontier, which was released in the final weeks of another global crisisWorld War II. To initiate and finance in appropriate agencies, institutions, or organizations, research on problems related to the national defense. The deficit of science and technology students who, but for the war, would have received bachelor's degrees is about 150,000. For many years the Government has wisely supported research in the agricultural colleges and the benefits have been great. Washington, DC: National Science Foundation. It is wholly probable that progress in the treatment of cardiovascular disease, renal disease, cancer, and similar refractory diseases will be made as the result of fundamental discoveries in subjects unrelated to those diseases, and perhaps entirely unexpected by the investigator. In this war it has become clear beyond all doubt that scientific research is absolutely essential to national security. All of the committees advising on these matters agree on the necessity for such an agency. A large fraction of these deaths in our civilian population cut short the useful lives of our citizens. By the same token these groups cannot be made the repository of the new and large responsibilities in science which belong to the Government and which the Government should accept. Science, the Endless Frontier Hardcover - February 2, 2021 by Vannevar Bush (Author), Rush Holt (Contributor) 20 ratings 3.9 on Goodreads 51 ratings Kindle $9.99 Read with Our Free App Hardcover $12.95 8 Used from $6.78 26 New from $7.98 Paperback $25.00 4 Used from $15.96 10 New from $25.00 Basic scientific research should not, therefore, be placed under an operating agency whose paramount concern is anything other than research. We believe that our proposals will minimize that effect, but we do not think that it can be completely avoided. (2) The agency to administer such funds should be composed of citizens selected only on the basis of their interest in and capacity to promote the work of the agency. To promote the dissemination of scientific and technical information and to further its international exchange. If ability, and not the circumstance of family fortune, is made to determine who shall receive higher education in science, then we shall be assured of constantly improving quality at every level of scientific activity. The CHIPS and Science Act combines two bipartisan bills the Endless Frontier Act, designed to boost investment in domestic high-tech research and the CHIPS for America Act, designed to bring semiconductor manufacturing back to the U.S. In order to accomplish the purposes of the Foundation the Members should establish several professional Divisions to be responsible to the Members. Read full-text. Bringing us from 1945 to the present, Holt demonstrates that the American people need science now more than ever. It is the special province of the medical schools and universities to foster medical research in this way -- a duty which cannot be shifted to government agencies, industrial organizations, or to any other institutions. Neither our allies nor, so far as we know, our enemies have done anything so radical as thus to suspend almost completely their educational activities in scientific pursuits during the war period. Maintaining liaison with other scientific research agencies, both governmental and private, concerned with the work of the Division. New Responsibilities for Government. ScienceThe Endless Frontier, and the Next 75 Years in Science With Robbert Dijkgraaf 2020 marked the 75th anniversary of the publication of Vannevar Bush's seminal report "ScienceThe Endless Frontier," which created a blueprint for U.S. scientific research in the post-World War II era. and instead cite the study itself. The American research enterprise is the engine of ingenuity in our nation and is urgently needed to tackle the most pressing priorities of our timefrom the coronavirus pandemic to the climate crisis, and from income disparity to gun violence. Government action in respect to this subject will affect the rate of technical progress in industry. July 1945. This is, largely, the product of three factors -- the free play of initiative of a vigorous people under democracy, the heritage of great national wealth, and the advance of science and its application. This welcome new edition combines Vannevar Bush's classic text with an urgent essay by Rush Holt on what the model can and cannot do for us in the twenty-first century. They will be of aid in furnishing detailed suggestions. Callon, M. 1986. Physicist and public servant Rush Holt reintroduces this influential blueprint, reflecting on the constructive developments it inspired, as well as the troubling consequences that stem from a research culture unaccountable to the polity. Science: The endless frontier. "John Holdren, Harvard University and former chief science advisor to President Obama, "With the reissue of Science, the Endless Frontier, I am once more struck by the majesty of Vannevar Bushs vision for the role of science. In some countries comparable increases have been accompanied by famine. The Government would be well advised to invest the money involved in this plan even if the benefits to the nation were thought of solely -- which they are not -- in terms of national preparedness. There is no body within the Government charged with formulating or executing a national science policy. Risk of bias assessment. In order, however, to secure the part-time services of the most competent men as Members of the Foundation and the Divisions, these stringent prohibitions should be relaxed to the extent indicated. "Naomi Oreskes, author of Why Trust Science? The National Research Foundation must, therefore, be free to place its research contracts or grants not only with those institutions which have a demonstrated research capacity but also with other institutions whose latent talent or creative atmosphere affords promise of research success. Appropriations should be earmarked for the purposes of specific Divisions, but the Foundation should be left discretion with respect to the expenditure of each Division's funds. But these things do not mark the end of progress -- they are but the beginning if we make full use of our scientific resources. Science Education 1944 October 28:231-38 28: 282-88; December 1944. . To review and balance the financial requirements of the several Divisions and to propose to the President the annual estimate for the funds required by each Division. This has always been true and is likely to remain so. (5) While assuring complete independence and freedom for the nature, scope, and methodology of research carried on in the institutions receiving public funds, and while retaining discretion in the allocation of funds among such institutions, the Foundation proposed herein must be responsible to the President and the Congress. Scientific Progress Is Essential. Science, The Endless Frontier is generally recognized as the iconic text of U.S. science policy. Science, by itself, provides no panacea for individual, social, and economic ills. I dont think Id ever read the whole of the famous Bush document before, and it was interesting to see how he made the pitch . But without scientific progress no amount of achievement in other directions can insure our health, prosperity, and security as a nation in the modern world. Language English Pages 184 Cardiovascular disease, including chronic disease of the kidneys, arteriosclerosis, and cerebral hemorrhage, now account for 45 percent of the deaths in the United States. With the exception of the director, the division members, and one executive officer appointed by the director to administer the affairs of each division, all employees of the Foundation should be appointed under Civil Service regulations. Both the Bush and the Holt essays are well worth a read. Within days, we learned that just such a challengethe global COVID-19 pandemichad already arrived. It has been suggested that the benefits might be better utilized if "research clinics" for such enterprises were to be established. Approximately 7 million persons in the United States are mentally ill; more than one-third of the hospital beds are occupied by such persons, at a cost of $175 million a year. Legislation on this point should leave to the Members of the Foundation discretion as to its patent policy in order that patent arrangements may be adjusted as circumstances and the public interest require. But basic research is essentially noncommercial in nature. The simplest and most effective way in which the Government can strengthen industrial research is to support basic research and to develop scientific talent. 2. Others with capacity for scientific education went to war after finishing high school. To devise and promote the use of methods of improving the transition between research and its practical application in industry. While we are concerned primarily with methods of selecting and educating high school graduates at the college and higher levels, we cannot be complacent about the loss of potential talent which is inherent in the present situation. There are talented individuals in every segment of the population, but with few exceptions those without the means of buying higher education go without it. There should be no obligation on the research institution to patent discoveries made as a result of support from the Foundation. CHAPTER 6. To obtain and utilize the services of other Government agencies to the extent that such agencies are prepared to render such services. After a program is under way perhaps 20 million dollars a year can be spent effectively. For example, the National Research Foundation should be authorized by legislation to make, modify, or amend contracts of all kinds with or without legal consideration, and without performance bonds. "By proceeding from point to point and taking stock on the way, by giving further opportunity to those who show themselves worthy of further opportunity, by giving the most opportunity to those who show themselves continually developing -- this is the way we propose. 0 Ratings 0 Want to read 0 Currently reading 0 Have read Overview View 1 Edition Details Reviews Lists Related Books Publish Date 1945 Publisher U.S. Govt. Science, the Endless Frontier is recognized as the landmark argument for the essential role of science in society and government's responsibility to support scientific endeavors. Science: The Endless Frontier, sowing seeds for the innovation and technology-driven productivity gains that propelled the United States to global economic and geopolitical leadership, generated unprecedented wealth for Americans, and drove social progress. The legislation puts technology commercialization on an equal footing with scientific research in America's national innovation system by creating a new technology directorate at the National Science Foundation. The resulting typology not only gives insights into the relationships that might exist between static publications, but also the rich process whereby an ongoing research project evolves through interactions with the research literature. The function of applied research is to provide such complete answers. I believe that, as a permanent measure, it would be appropriate to add to the agency needed to perform the other functions recommended in this report the responsibilities for civilian-initiated and civilian-controlled military research. Freedom of inquiry must be preserved under any plan for Government support of science in accordance with the Five Fundamentals listed on page 26. Such ravaging diseases as yellow fever, dysentery, typhus, tetanus, pneumonia, and meningitis have been all but conquered by penicillin and the sulfa drugs, the insecticide DDT, better vaccines, and improved hygenic measures. Generally speaking, the scientific agencies of Government are not so concerned with immediate practical objectives as are the laboratories of industry nor, on the other hand, are they as free to explore any natural phenomena without regard to possible economic applications as are the educational and private research institutions. "Audra J. Wolfe, author of Freedom's Laboratory: The Cold War Struggle for the Soul Of Science, "Science, the Endless Frontier is a consequential statement of principles that has been repeatedly invoked as a kind of biblical text in the political wars over federal policy for scientific research and training. This is essential reading for anyone who cares about the future of science in America. For more than 5 years many of our scientists have been fighting the war in the laboratories, in the factories and shops, and at the front. This is an important read for everyone who is deeply concerned about the status of science in todays discourse. Articles Find articles in journals, magazines, newspapers, and more; Catalog Explore books, music, movies, and more; Databases Locate databases by title and description; Journals Find journal titles; UWDC Discover digital collections, images, sound recordings, and more; Website Find information on spaces, staff, services, and more . 20 as a Much of the impetus for a paradigm shift in U.S. research policy and funding comes from the PRC's efforts to boost its companies and research capacity. United States. The death rate for all diseases in the Army, including the overseas forces, has been reduced from 14.1 per thousand in the last war to 0.6 per thousand in this war. "Robbert Dijkgraaf, director of the Institute for Advanced Study, "Rush Holt gives new life to Vannevar Bushs seminal report Science, the Endless Frontier by emphasizing its continued relevance to American science policy and raising issues that need reexaminationin particular, the relationship between the scientific enterprise and civil society. Together, Bush and Holt give us a roadmap for US science today. Vannevar Bush, Science The Endless Frontier (A Report to the President) (July 1945) (). "Here, the draw is not so much the text of Bushs report itself, but rather an excellent critical introduction by Rush Holt. Private foundations and other groups partially fulfill some of these functions at present, but their scope is incomplete and inadequate. Description One of the most important reports in science policy, (commonly known as the Bush report), and intended to be a blueprint for a new era of scienceand of government in sciencefollowing the transformational experience of World War II and its technological culmination in the detonation of two atomic bombs over Japan. The rewards of such exploration both for the Nation and the individual are great. Industry learned many years ago that basic research cannot often be fruitfully conducted as an adjunct to or a subdivision of an operating agency or department. "Ernest J. Moniz, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and former US Secretary of Energy. Today, it is truer than ever that basic research is the pacemaker of technological progress. There should now be permanent civilian activity to supplement the research work of the Services in other scientific fields so as to carry on in time of peace some part of the activities of the emergency war-time Office of Scientific Research and Development. More Filters. SUMMER 2020 35. public values. On the wisdom with which we bring science to bear against the problems of the coming years depends in large measure our future as a nation. Rights and permissions. Moreover, since health, well-being, and security are proper concerns of Government, scientific progress is, and must be, of vital interest to Government. A PROBLEM OF SCIENTIFIC RECONVERSION
There should be a focal point within the Government for a concerted program of assisting scientific research conducted outside of Government. The procedures currently followed within the Government for recruiting, classifying and compensating such personnel place the Government under a severe handicap in competing with industry and the universities for first-class scientific talent. July 1945 Science, the endless frontier : A report to the President, by Vannevar Bush, director . No one can select from the bottom those who will be the leaders at the top because unmeasured and unknown factors enter into scientific, or any, leadership. These areas -- such as research on military problems, agriculture, housing, public health, certain medical research, and research involving expensive capital facilities beyond the capacity of private institutions -- should be advanced by active Government support. Moreover, they should see that those who study overseas have the benefit of the latest scientific developments. At the outset these Divisions should be: 2. These groups are concerned with science as collateral and peripheral to the major problems of those Departments. Phone: +86 10 8457 8802 Thanks to the wise provision of the Secretary of War and the Secretary of the Navy, most of the results of war-time medical research have been published. To promote disruptive science and technology, scholars may be encouraged to read widely and given time to keep up with the rapidly expanding knowledge frontier. The development moved from the early laboratory stage to large scale production and use in a fraction of the time it would have taken without such leadership. The material still subject to security classification should be released as soon as possible. Science, by itself, provides no panacea for individual, social, and economic ills. RENEWAL OF OUR SCIENTIFIC TALENT
Working against time, the Office of Scientific Research and Development has been obliged to enforce this practice during the war, although it was realized by all concerned that it was an emergency measure which prevented the continuous cross-fertilization so essential to fruitful scientific effort. A balance between military and other research could thus readily be maintained. Much of the information and experience acquired during the war is confined to the agencies that gathered it. Science offers a largely unexplored hinterland for the pioneer who has the tools for his task. Science, the Endless Frontier is recognized as the landmark argument for the essential role of science in society and government's responsibility to support scientific endeavors. We do not know yet how we shall reach that goal, but it is certain that it can be achieved only by releasing the full creative and productive energies of the American people. Review: Science, the Endless Frontier, by Vannevar Bush | The American Biology Teacher | University of California Press Volume 25, Issue 3 March 1963 Previous Article Next Article Book Review | March 01 1963 Review: Science, the Endless Frontier, by Vannevar Bush Science, the Endless Frontier Vannevar Bush Although there are some notable exceptions, most research conducted within governmental laboratories is of an applied nature. Now, lets get on with the work of getting science to do its part in our society. As President Roosevelt observed, the annual deaths from one or two diseases are far in excess of the total number of American lives lost in battle during this war. Universities may forgo the focus on quantity, and more strongly reward research quality 56 , and perhaps more fully subsidize year-long sabbaticals. The Congress is now considering legislation to provide funds for this Board by direct appropriation. It is my view that most of the remainder of the classified scientific material should be released as soon as there is ground for belief that the enemy will not be able to turn it against us in this war. SCIENCE, THE ENDLESS FRONTIER AT 75. (3) The agency should promote research through contracts or grants to organizations outside the Federal Government. In computer science and artificial intelligence, there has been a recent thread of work on citation recommendation, concerned with identifying relevant citations given a piece of text and possibly other meta-data (e.g., authors, etc.) More and better scientific research is essential to the achievement of our goal of full employment. Adherence to the usual procedures in the case of research contracts will impair the efficiency of research operations and will needlessly increase the cost of the work of the Government. The agency responsible for recommending the release of information from military classification should be an Army, Navy, civilian body, well grounded in science and technology. This is of the utmost importance. Our population increased from 75 million to 130 million between 1900 and 1940. CiteSeerX - Document Details (Isaac Councill, Lee Giles, Pradeep Teregowda): On February 16, 1999, the federal governmentannounced a major change to its science policy.Some $450 million in public funds will be spent to create research institutes and networks of centres of excellence with the goal of promoting research activities and targeting specific scientific objectives. Metrics details. Alert. In achieving these results, the Government has provided over-all coordination and support; it has not dictated how the work should be done within any cooperating institution. Office of Scientific Research and Development. Without the broad authority along these lines which was contained in the First War Powers Act and its implementing Executive Orders, together with the special relaxation of vouchering requirements granted by the General Accounting Office, the Office of Scientific Research and Development would have been gravely handicapped in carrying on research on military matters during this war. but the present pattern is firmly established and there is much to be said for it. It should, moreover, have sufficient recognition to secure prompt and practical decisions. The Endless Frontier Act provides $100 billion over 10 years for the research, development, and commercialization of these technologies. His document serves as a prescient reminder as the United States faces the challenges of a new century. Another aspect of the changing emphasis is the increase of mental diseases. More Filters. The study of the momentous questions presented in President Roosevelt's letter has been made by able committees working diligently. - In order to insure that men of great competence and experience may be designated as Members of the Foundation and as members of the several professional Divisions, the legislation creating the Foundation should contain specific authorization so that the Members of the Foundation and the Members of the Divisions may also engage in private and gainful employment, notwithstanding the provisions of any other laws: provided, however, that no compensation for such employment is received in any form from any profit-making institution which receives funds under contract, or otherwise, from the Division or Divisions of the Foundation with which the individual is concerned. Comparable increases have been great services of other Government agencies to the President, by itself provides... 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