1850, Ferry Crossings (Platte to Malad Rivers) Ferry costs in 1850 from the Platte to the Malad Rivers. Frederic Paxson, American Frontier, 1763-1893, (Chicago: The Riverside Press, 1924), p. 517. . As steamboats evolved and as the region's population and production grew, the river's limitations as a navigation route would become unacceptable and Midwesterners would repeatedly call for its improvement as a commercial artery. Construction of the tied-in double-arch structure began in May 1967. Below the island, no deep channel existed at low water. . Sherman advocated a withdrawal of the army to Memphis, where it could regroup and then move south. The total cost of the bridge was $6.8 million (City of Clinton Bridge Commission 1956:2). 1491, (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1913), p. 704. 196-97, 199; Tweet, History of Transportation, 38-39. From Minneapolis' perspective, the channel improvement works on the upper Mississippi River only benefitted its principal rivalSt. 92-93; Kane, Rivalry, pp. Forward thinking entrepreneurs and politicians pushed for the development of such a railroad and in May 1869 the final spike of the Transcontinental Railroad was driven in Promontory Point in Utah. After charging men under him to undertake the tributary surveys, Warren began the upper Mississippi survey from the Rock Island Rapids to Minneapolis himself. Twice during December 1862, Grant ordered thrusts against the city from the north. It did so twice that year. By Staff Writer Last Updated April 06, 2020. Kane, St. Anthony, p. 96, points out that the state never transferred the grant to the company. As it had learned more about the upper Mississippi River, the Corps had recognized the futility of keeping the river navigable by dredging.61 In 1874, when the Montana could not dredge due to high water, the Engineers refitted it with a pile driver and went to Pig's Eye Island, five miles below St. Paul (Figure 8). The St. Paul District commander, Major Francis R. Shunk, tried to explain the matter to Minneapolis Mayor J. C. Haynes on February 17, 1909. While still in his twenties, Donnelly had become Minnesota's lieutenant governor. Annual Report, 1872, pp. Examples: a dried up lake, a destroyed building, a hill leveled by mining. On the early part of the journey, before they reached the Mississippi river, they bought four oxen trying to find a pair that was matched and would work together on the long haul to Oregon. As this requirement had proven cumbersome, the company asked Congress to modify it to allow for the sale of more sections within a single township. While the river naturally eroded its banks, closing dams and wing dams accelerated erosion by increasing the channel's velocity and volume. In 1892, Mackenzie again insisted that only locks and dams could regularly entice steamboats above Meeker Island; any other efforts, he charged, wasted time and money.89, Signaling a possible break, the Chief of Engineers, on February 15, 1893, directed Mackenzie to prepare new and exact estimates for locks and dams for this portion of the river . Overall, Warren found that those who had been using the river evince a shrewd knowledge of the action of running water and the means of temporarily controlling it, gained by their constant experience and observation.33 Warren listened to these knowledgeable sources, but came to his own conclusions. 229-42), Barns addresses three issues concerning Kelley. . In other words, Congress asked the Corps to determine how to establish a continuous, 4-foot channel for the upper river at low water. Merrick, Old Times, p. 162, says that From 1852 to 1857 there were not boats enough to carry the people who were flocking into the newly-opened farmers' and lumbermans' paradise.. As Cook had worked for the Washburns, Meeker expected a negative report. . There is the city of St. Paul, and there is the city of Minneapolis. As Mackenzie anticipated, Congress, under pressure from Minneapolis to do something, provided $50,000 to the Corps to remove boulders, which the Engineers did during the summer of 1890 and in 1891. 65-66; Roald Tweet, A History of Navigation Improvements on the Rock Island Rapids, (Rock Island District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, April 1980):2; John O. Jensen, Gently Down the Stream: An Inquiry into the History of Transportation on the Northern Mississippi River and the Potential for Submerged Cultural Resources, Wisconsin Archeologist 73:1-2 (March-June, 1992):71, says that only about 20 boats were operating above Galena before 1847. The density of channel constriction works and the degree to which they physically and ecologically changed the river increased gradually over the project's history. it is destined to become the most popular region of the world, and its waters should forever be kept free and untrammelled and open to the use of every citizen within the entire navigable length, and all obstructions, whether natural or of human device, are like impediments to the prosperity of the people who till the soil of the great valley.". All the campaigns, labors, hardships and exposures from the month of December previous to this time that had been made and endured, were for the accomplishment of this one object. A turning point had been reached in the campaign for Vicksburg, the Western theater and the war itself. All this, they believed, was part of their manifest destiny. The solution, they insisted, lay in improving the nation's waterways, especially the Mississippi River and its tributaries. 312-15, quote from p. 315; Kane, St. Anthony, p. 94. For physical reasons, a single lock and dam must lie entirely within the limits of Minneapolis, or entirely within the limits of St. Paul. Where steamboat pilots followed the deepest channel, as it hugged one shore or the other, leaning trees might sweep poorly placed cargo or an unwary passenger from a steamboat's deck. Led by Ignatius Donnelly, Grange supporters had organized the People's Anti-Monopoly party, with a platform striking at monopolies, advocating state railroad controls, and denouncing postwar corruption. They divided the upper Mississippi into a series of deep pools separated by wide shallows that sometimes stranded even the lightest steamboats. . By 1905, the Engineers had built about 340 wing and closing dams from the Minnesota River to the southern end of the MNRRA corridor below Hastings. must break bulk and be carried in wagons to their destination. A lock and dam, the state contended, would extend navigation to its natural and proper terminus.76. The Harahan Bridge opened in 1916 and was used until 1949. To subscribe, click here. While railroads could send many cars in both directions with full cargoes, barges delivering their commodities at St. Louis or New Orleans or points in between too often returned empty.43. C $24.12 . Islands created dangerous currents.13 From just below Hastings to St. Anthony Falls roughly 40 islands broke the rivers flow. Between 1823 and 1847, most boats carried lead and worked around Galena, Illinois. According to one historian, 'the Mississippi River gave slavery a whole new lease on life' (Johnson, 2013: 6-7, 146). The company needed the grant, the state contended, because the company's income from water power would be limited by the inexhaustible resources in this respect above and on the falls and because the company's state charter required it to lock boats through free.73 Anticipating opposition from the millers at St. Anthony, the state claimed that the petitions principal purpose was to bring steamboats to Minneapolis and that hydropower was incidental.74 Meeker, himself, emphasized navigation. St. John the Baptist Parish (SJBP, French: Paroisse de Saint-Jean-Baptiste) is a parish located in the U.S. state of Louisiana.At the 2020 census, the population was 42,477. Allied with them were sawmill operators and boom company operators William W. Eastman, John Martin, Sumner W. Farnham, James A. Lovejoy, and Joel B. Bassett. Midwestern farmers sent grain to Chicago, and Chicago merchants and eastern manufacturers sent their goods back on the railroads. Originally published in the July 2006 issue of Civil War Times. 106-7. No. Over the next nine years he worked his way up to become a cub pilot. Traveling down the Mississippi to Illinois, Daly's family camped for a night a few miles below St. Paul. https://www.historynet.com/crossing-the-mississippi/, Jerrie Mock: Record-Breaking American Female Pilot, Turmoil in Richmond: Joe Johnston, Jefferson Davis Command Alliance Was Doomed From the Start, How Allied Forces Used Code and Hunches To Turn the Tables on German U-Boats. 16 The folklore that people once waded across the Mississippi is true. Bradley B. Meeker and Dorilus Morrison formed the Mississippi River Improvement and Manufacturing Company in 1857, with a group of Minneapolis businessmen, to develop this potential. While Grant continued planning and waited for the roads to dry out, he kept the troops at work digging a canal. The Engineers did not build all the works depicted in one area at the same time. 1851 (age 35), Goddard, George He came from England with his wife and seven children, five of whom died before reaching Utah. The island divided the river, and the navigation channel sometimes ran on the east side and sometimes on the west. . he concluded, calling on Congress to appropriate funding for every navigable stream in the West and to open the natural outlets free to all.47 To restore river traffic, Kelley insisted that the Mississippi needed grants like those given to railroads, and the Grange had to establish an agent in St. Louis to buy and sell Minnesota's products. Overcoming squabbles over Enigma, American and British forces sunk dozens of enemy subs. Railroads have got enough for the present. In response, farmers in the Midwest and throughout the nation joined the first national farm movement, called the Grange or Patrons of Husbandry. Now as to the duplication of locks and dams; two instead of one. The threat of a railroad monopoly, the commercial decline of the Mississippi River and rising dissatisfaction with his Republican party were of particular concern to Senator Windom (Figure 7). Map of A map of the United States between 1840 and 1850 showing the states and territories, and the principal routes of transportation and westward migration during the period. It was a method that had proven successful in France and elsewhere.36 Mississippi River pilots had learned that by running their paddle wheels over the crest of a bar, they helped the river cut through it, allowing the flow from the pool to deepen the cut just enough for the boat to pass. Location: Illinois, United States. Snags skewered the careless and even the cautious steamboat. Annual Report, 1881, p. 2746. Before 1906, the important problem of the arrangement was largely left to the judgment of local engineers. To fulfill that destiny, they would help transform the entire upper Mississippi River and make the reach between Hastings and St. Anthony Falls one of the rivers most engineered. 40-42; William D. Barns, Oliver Hudson Kelley and the Genesis of the Grange: A Reappraisal, Agricultural History 41 (July 1967):229-30. The U.S. Army established a post at the bridge in 1855, when tension was mounting between emigrants and Native Americans. Barns credits Kelley with founding the Grange, recognizing the role of others, particularly of Miss Carrie Hall, Kelley's niece. At Lock and Dam 1, the Engineers had begun constructing the lock.92 Few, if any, spectators watching the Itura paddle through Lock 2 imagined that the new facility would be destroyed within 5 years. N 40 32.586 W 091 24.054. 2, 10, 22, 46. Just past the crest, the channel quickly became deeper.30 Normally, the river would begin cutting through the steep slope on the back side of the bar and another bar would eventually begin forming downstream of it. The Engineers were to create a permanent, continuous navigation channel, 41/2-feet deep at low-water, for the entire river between St. Paul and the mouth of the Illinois River at Alton. It would alter the navigable portion of the river through the MNRRA corridor dramatically. (circa 1850) No connections to the east. It flows south at a speed of 1.2 miles per hour to the Mississippi River Delta in the Gulf of Mexico and forms the second largest drainage system in North America after the Hudson Bay. Pike took 40 strokes in his bateau and Long only 16 in his skiff.12. His . Contrary to most histories that follow Dixon, A Traffic History, p. 48, in saying that there were thirteen bridges across the Mississippi River by 1880, Patrick Brunet, The Corps of Engineers and Navigation Improvements on the Channel of Upper Mississippi River to 1939, Masters Thesis, (Austin, University of Texas, 1977), p. 46, says that there were fourteen bridges across the river by 1877, and he lists them. It drew national Senators and Representatives from 22 states and the governors of Minnesota, Ohio, Kansas, Missouri, and Virginia. Sawmill owners also feared that they would not be able to continue dumping sawdust into the river, as it would obstruct navigation, and boom company operators did not want a dam obstructing the lumber rafts they sent downriver. Those that bowed in and out of the water they labeled preachers. Capt. But in 1868, he quarreled with Minnesota's senior Republican leader, Alexander Ramsey, and failed to get reelected. 309-10. Navigation boosters in Minneapolis failed, however, to convince Congress of the importance of their project. . A bad bar could sever St. Pauls and Hastings connection with St. Louis, the Gulf of Mexico and the world.14 Normally, during the late summer or early fall, the river began falling and would enter the stage steamboat pilots and Corps engineers called low water. (Figure 1). St. Paul recorded 41 steamboat arrivals in 1844, and 95 in 1849. Leisurely the vessel glides along, allowing time to gaze at length on the grandeur and natural. Hundreds of islands, some forming and others being cut away, divided the natural river, dispersing its waters into innumerable side channels and backwaters. . The Windom Committee Spurred by the Granger movement and navigation conventionspartly out of fear and partly out of a genuine concern to help farmers and businessesMinnesota Senator William Windom asked the Senate to establish a committee to examine the transportation problem and recommend solutions to it. They also demanded a navigable river so they could deliver the bounty of their labor and their new land to the country and the world. 65 Annual Report, 1880, p. 1495. History is who we are and why we are the way we are.. Pike, Sources of the Mississippi, p. 24; Keating, Narrative of an Expedition, p. 297. St. Paul suffered a double setback. From the building boat, Alberta Kirchner recalled, . Wing dams especially caused bank erosion by forcing the river away from one shore and against the other. Snags were such frequent and treacherous hazards that steamboat pilots named them (Figure 3). as part of a portfolio of multi-value projects approved by the midcontinent independent system operator, this river crossing is 1.56 miles (2.51 km) long, connects the maywood substation in missouri and the herleman substation in illinois, and is part of the illinois rivers transmission project 385 miles (620 km) of transmission from palmyra, At Guttenberg, Iowa, an island split the river into two channels, one passing in front of the city and the other running along the Wisconsin side. The focus of Corps work between 1878 and 1906, the 41/2-foot channel became the first system-wide, intensive navigation improvement project for the upper Mississippi River. . This misplaces the authority for authorizing the project with the Corps instead of Congress and makes the Corps a proactive proponent of the project, which she does not demonstrate they were. On June 7, 1868, the Minneapolis Daily Tribune claimed that the Meeker Island lock and dam would transfer the commercial prestige of this upper country from St. Paul to the Magnet.80 St. Paul industrial boosters also claimed victory. and finally crossing near St Cloud. Second, was the idea of the Grange really his? Whatever products the Midwest came to manufacture, like woolen and cotton fabrics, would find their chief market in the South and Southwest. By 1857, St. Paul had become a bustling port, with over 1,000 steamboat arrivals each year by some 62 to 99 boats.2, As rapidly as the number of steamboats increased, they could not keep pace with demand. He describes the immense river as a "solid, shifting lake," a rather perfect description. . In 1858, when Minnesota became a state, the new legislature sent a petition to Congress requesting that the federal government improve the river for navigation above St. Paul.70, While Minneapolis navigation boosters focused on shipping, others recognized the river's hydropower potential between the falls and St. Paul. Connected with this matter is a secret history, upon which I proceed as discreetly as may be to cast a little light. But, less than one month later, the steamboat Effie Afton ran into the wooden structure, sinking the boat and heavily damaging the railway bridge (see pic below). 530, 1649-50; Annual Report, 1907, pp. He would become one of the Senate's strongest advocates for railroad regulation and navigation improvement.52, The rapidly growing strength of the Granger movement in Minnesota and the threat of railroad monopolies spurred Windom to address the transportation issue with zeal. The existing Rock River bridges include three federal, one state, and one local crossings. Date Posted: 9/18/2012 1:45:33 PM. St. Paul and Minneapolis pushed especially hard. 1850: Birth of the levee system. Throughout his article (pp. Ibid., pp. The Headwaters project provided for construction of the Winnibigoshish Dam in 1883-1884 and the completion of dams at Leech Lake (1884), Pokegama Falls (1884), Pine River (1886), Sandy Lake (1895), and Gull Lake (1912). Those that swayed back and forth with the current they called sawyers. They would have to alter the pattern by which sand and silt moved along the river bottom. At this point only 310 miles of levees had been built along the river, allowing for expanded cotton production within the Delta region of the state. In doing so, they would contribute to the drive for navigation improvement at the same time they were throttling shipping on the river. Pilots, Merrick recounted, had to study the nightmares first. Native American at back of boat (detail), Emanuel Leutze, Washington Crossing the Delaware, 1851, oil on canvas, 378.5 x 647.7 cm (Metropolitan Museum of Art, photo: Steven Zucker, CC BY-NC-SA 2.0) Despite Leutze's interest in history, there is little historical accuracy to be found within the painting. In December 1872, he had introduced a resolution to address the transportation problem. I t took approximately 300 years from 1500 to 1800 for European population to extend from the East Coast of America to the Mississippi River. Walter Havighurst, Upper Mississippi, A Wilderness Saga, (New York: Farrar & Rinehart; New York: J. J. The 1993 image was captured slightly after the peak water levels in this part of the Mississippi River. Reeling from Chicago's increasing dominance over the region's trade, they saw the river as their best counteroffensive. The first European settlement in the Twin Cities area was Fort Snelling. But City West soon declined and passed out of existence. Railroads, more than the river, would meet the regions need, but not without a price, a price much too high for some. The Mississippi River is the second longest river in North America measuring a total length of 2320 miles from its traditional source at Lake Itasca. Ibid., p. 293. Instead of going to St. Louis or New Orleans, a steamboat from St. Paul might unload at La Crosse or Rock Island or at other railheads, and increasingly, most river commerce became local.41, While the river had been hauling grain since the birth of Midwestern agriculture, railroads held too many advantages over the undeveloped waterways. 1491, (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1913), pp. The Crossing connects West Memphis to downtown Memphis. As the experiments with closing dams had shown, cutting off the side channels greatly increased the main channel's flow. Merrick lists the number or arrivals and the number of boats at St. Paul for each of these years. Vol. One dam would be blown up within 5 years of its completion and another would have to be redesigned and the completed part rebuilt. George Byron Merrick captures well the perils of sailing the natural river. Ibid., p. 243; The Select Committee recommended a depth of 5 feet at low water for St. Paul to St. Louis. Before the Civil War, Congress authorized minor improvements for the upper Mississippi River but no work for the river above Hastings. United States army engineers responded in 1894 by announcing plans for two locks and dams . Crossing the Mighty Mississippi River From La to Ms highway 82 Subsequently he turned to newspaper editing and publishing.20 , Whether they produced battlefield images of the dead or daguerreotype portraits of common soldiers, []. . Their effort resulted in one of the most mysterious and ill-fated projects on the upper river. This steep slope, combined with a narrow gorge and limestone boulders left by the retreat of the falls, made the river through this reach too treacherous for steamboat navigation.25 Thus, St. Paul had become the head of navigation. Some easterners came to take the fashionable tour. Arriving in St. Louis or at other railheads on the river's east bank, these excursionists traveled upstream, sometimes to St. Anthony Falls, imbibing the river's beauty (see the above references). By authorizing the 41/2-foot channel project, Congress directed the Corps to remake the upper Mississippi. In St. Louis, the Mississippi remained above flood stage for 144 days between April 1 and September 30, 1993. Doc. . The river pioneers once forded with their wagons and livestock no longer existed. Despite the growing menace of the railroads, river traffic remained strong.38. Doc. That destiny, they believed, was to become a commercial and industrial power as strong as the East, as well as the nation's breadbasket. Lucile M. Kane, Rivalry for a River: the Twin Cities and the Mississippi, Minnesota History 37:8 (December 1961):309-23. On the night of May 21, 1855, in the area that is now part of the Mississippi Greenway: Riverfront Trail north of the Merchant's Bridge, Mary Meachum attempted to help a small group of enslaved people cross the Mississippi River to Illinois where slavery was outlawed. When the Chicago and Rock Island Railroad was completed in 1854 under the direction of Henry Farnam and his partner Joseph Sheffield, it became the first to connect the East with the Mississippi River. Railroad expansion following the Civil War accelerated the pace of the Midwest's unprecedented population and agricultural growth. To prove their point, they paid the steamer Lamartine $200 to journey from St. Paul to the cataract. . . Popular wisdom at the beginning of the 19th century hypothesized it would take at least another 300 years, or most likely longer, to fill the area between the Mississippi and the Pacific coast. The Rock Island Bridge Company had been formed in 1853, but it wasn't until April 9, 1856, when the long-awaited Mississippi River Bridge - spanning from Rock Island to Davenport opened. 68-74; Jane Carroll, Dams and Damages: The Ojibway, the United States, and the Mississippi Headwaters Reservoirs, Minnesota History, (Spring, 1990):4-5. From his experiences, Merrick learned much about the natural river. When a series of bars came in close succession, the river could become seriously obstructed. Rocks and rapids were a greater problem for steamboats trying to ply the river above St. Paul. Prior to the war, with a few exceptions, Congress and/or the President had opposed a federal role in internal improvements.26, The 1866 act provided for the first project to focus on the whole upper river.27 It directed the Corps to survey the Mississippi River between St. Anthony Falls and the Rock Island Rapids, with a view to ascertain the feasible means, by economizing the water of the stream, of insuring the passage, at all navigable seasons, of boats drawing four feet of water. From 1850 to 1870, it delivered supplies and furs on two-wheeled carts between St. Paul, Minnesota and the frontier. This act signaled a new era of internal improvements and the beginning of dramatic changes to the upper Mississippi River. Rafting companies and steamboat interests had employed wing dams to scour the channel at troublesome bars. . On April 30, Porters gunboats passed Grand Gulfs guns and began ferrying McClernands infantry and artillery across the river. 67-68; Duties for the middle Mississippi stayed with the Office of Western Improvements in Cincinnati until 1873, when St. Louis became the new office for the middle river; see Dobney, River Engineers, pp. As with the drive for railroad legislation, the push for waterway improvement was not just a farmers' movement. Porter's gunboats arrived and began shelling the defenses. The remaining maps focused on problem reaches or detailed the river near a specific town.32 From these maps and from what he would learn about early navigation improvements, Warren began planning the 4-foot channel project. They would have to focus the river's current into one main channel and block off the myriad side channels. But the economic panic of 1857 and the Civil War ended further railroad expansion across the Mississippi. Saint Paul At Rock Island in 1856, the Chicago and Rock Island became the first railroad to cross the Mississippi. 310-11. The small streams were crossed by fording; the larger ones by swimming the teams, wagons and all. Early railheads on the upper river's east bank fostered steamboat traffic, but they initiated its end as well. St. Paul District, Corps of Engineers. As a result, Warren favored dredging. The 1850s also saw railroads reach across the Mississippi River, serve parts of Texas, and lay down roots in California. The Twin Cities had to see that the entire Mississippi River was remade. Doc. The second advance resulted in a bloody repulse at Chickasaw Bayou, north of Vicksburg. The Mississippi and her tributaries are natural outlets for the west and northwest, Kelley insisted, but how little attention is given to their improvement. Railroads, he charged, control the river front in every town on the river; their boats can land freight without paying wharfage and people consider it all right. While railroads had received huge land grants, steamboats had not. No. This map displays the three land-based migration routes from the Carolinas and eastern Georgia to the newly opened lands of southern Mississippi. River above Hastings bridge in 1855, when tension was mounting between emigrants and Native Americans they initiated end. Hall, Kelley 's niece the east side and sometimes on the west its! Settlement in the July 2006 issue of Civil War, Congress directed the Corps to remake the upper Mississippi Enigma! Reached in the campaign for Vicksburg, crossing the mississippi river in 1850 Mississippi is true where could. Ply the river, serve parts of Texas, and one local Crossings enemy! Was largely left to the Malad Rivers ) Ferry costs in 1850 from the building boat Alberta! 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